Contents VII
9.9.2 Photochromic Materials 220
9.9.3 Electrochromic Materials 222
9.10
Magneto-Optic Applications 224
References 227
10
Electrical Properties 229
10.1
Fundamentals of Electric Conductivity; Diffusive versus Ballistic
Conductivity 229
10.2
Carbon Nanotubes 235
10.3
Other One-Dimensional Electrical Conductors 239
10.4
Electrical Conductivity of Nanocomposites 241
References 248
11
Mechanical Properties 249
11.1
General Considerations 249
11.2
Mechanical Properties of Bulk Nanocrystalline Materials 251
11.3
Deformation Mechanisms of Nanocrystalline Materials 255
11.4
Superplasticity 263
11.5
Filled Polymer Composites 265
11.5.1 General Considerations 265
11.5.2 Particle-Filled Polymers 268
11.5.3 Polymer-Based Nanocomposites Filled with Silicate Platelets 269
11.5.4 Carbon-Nanotube- and Graphene-Filled Composites 274
References 278
12
Characterization of Nanomaterials 279
12.1
Specific Surface Area 279
12.2
Analysis of the Crystalline Structure 282
12.3
Electron Microscopy 287
12.3.1 General Considerations 287
12.3.2 Setup of Electron Microscopes 290
12.3.3 Interaction of the Electron Beam with the Specimen 292
12.3.4 Some Examples of Transmission Electron Microscopy 297
12.3.5 High-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy 300
References 303
Index 305