N
Nanofiber....................................................................... 125
Nozzle-based bioprinters.............................................. 164
N-Vinyl-pyrrolidone (NVP) .....................................56, 57
P
Patterned fibers .................................................... 127, 133
PDMS molding techniques .......................................... 163
PEGylated(monoacrylate) fibrinogen ............................ 47
Photocrosslinkable poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL)
SLA .........................................................56, 57, 59–61
TE ........................................................................55, 56
TPMS......................................................................... 56
VPCL ...................................................................57, 58
VPCLF................................................................. 57–59
Photocurable biopolymers.............................................. 47
Photocurable polymers
alginate (see Alginate)
biofabrication process ............................................... 46
bioink ...................................................................48, 50
bioprinting.................................................... 48, 50, 51
cell resuspension........................................................ 50
CS-AEMA............................................................47, 49
GelMA and HAMA.............................................47, 49
PEG(monoacrylate)-fibrinogen .........................47, 50
TE .............................................................................. 45
3D bioprinted constructs ...................................48, 51
Photosensitive resins ................................... 20, 21, 23, 24
Pluronic/alginate gel system ........................................ 138
Pluronic/alginate solution ........................................... 139
Polycaprolactone (PCL) ............................................... 150
Poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA)................... 20, 22–25, 27, 28
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) .......................................... 56
Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) ........................................... 56
fabrication................................................................ 106
PCL80/HA 0.5 scaffolds ......................................... 103
and PHBHHx samples ........................................... 103
synthetic polymers................................................... 103
Polylactide (PLA) ............................................................ 56
Polymer
fibres......................................................................... 126
natural and synthetic............................................... 125
processing ................................................................ 101
solutions ......................................................... 126, 133
Poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) ............ 20–25, 27
Protein patterning ......................................................... 125
Q
Quant-iT
™ PicoGreen
® reagent .................................. 183
R
Rapid prototyping (RP)......................................... 55, 107
Regenerative medicine .................................................. 149
Ring opening polymerization (ROP) ............... 22–23, 56
S
Scaffold design approach ................................................ 15
Scaffold fabrication ............................. 101–103, 106–108
Scaffold-free cartilage tissue model
alginate capsule, preparation .................................. 178
bioprinting, tissue strands ...................................... 180
cell bioprinting ........................................................ 175
cell preparation ........................................................ 178
cell viability assay ..................................................... 179
compression tests .................................................... 181
histology analysis ..................................................... 179
hydrogel/polymer matrix ....................................... 175
immunohistochemistry analysis.............................. 179
materials
bioprinting equipment...................................... 177
cell viability assay ............................................... 177
DMMB assay ..................................................... 178
histology ............................................................ 178
immunohistochemistry analysis........................ 178
sodium alginate preparation ............................. 176
methods, bioprinting .............................................. 175
RNA extraction ....................................................... 180
self-assembly, tissue strands .................................... 180
sGAG content evaluation ....................................... 179
Scaffolds.......................................... 3, 4, 6, 10–12, 15, 17
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ........................... 27
Selective laser melting (SLM)....................................... 159
Selective laser sintering (SLS)......................................... 76
Skeletal stem cells (SSCs) .........................................65, 68
Skeletal tissue engineering
biopaste synthesis ................................................67, 68
bioprinting................................................................. 67
cell culture ...........................................................65, 67
cell-laden clay-based bioinks ..............................68, 69
clay-based biopaste..............................................64, 66
polymer clay nanocomposites................................... 64
post-printing processing ........................................... 67
SSCs ........................................................................... 68
Stereolithography (SL) ...............................19–21, 23–29,
56, 57, 59–61
Surface tension-assisted AM
materials
biological characterization, constructs............. 158
cell culture ......................................................... 152
coating and photopolymerization .................... 152
COMPUTER-AIDED TISSUE ENGINEERING: METHODS AND PROTOCOLS
Index 187
Nanofiber....................................................................... 125
Nozzle-based bioprinters.............................................. 164
N-Vinyl-pyrrolidone (NVP) .....................................56, 57
P
Patterned fibers .................................................... 127, 133
PDMS molding techniques .......................................... 163
PEGylated(monoacrylate) fibrinogen ............................ 47
Photocrosslinkable poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL)
SLA .........................................................56, 57, 59–61
TE ........................................................................55, 56
TPMS......................................................................... 56
VPCL ...................................................................57, 58
VPCLF................................................................. 57–59
Photocurable biopolymers.............................................. 47
Photocurable polymers
alginate (see Alginate)
biofabrication process ............................................... 46
bioink ...................................................................48, 50
bioprinting.................................................... 48, 50, 51
cell resuspension........................................................ 50
CS-AEMA............................................................47, 49
GelMA and HAMA.............................................47, 49
PEG(monoacrylate)-fibrinogen .........................47, 50
TE .............................................................................. 45
3D bioprinted constructs ...................................48, 51
Photosensitive resins ................................... 20, 21, 23, 24
Pluronic/alginate gel system ........................................ 138
Pluronic/alginate solution ........................................... 139
Polycaprolactone (PCL) ............................................... 150
Poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA)................... 20, 22–25, 27, 28
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) .......................................... 56
Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) ........................................... 56
fabrication................................................................ 106
PCL80/HA 0.5 scaffolds ......................................... 103
and PHBHHx samples ........................................... 103
synthetic polymers................................................... 103
Polylactide (PLA) ............................................................ 56
Polymer
fibres......................................................................... 126
natural and synthetic............................................... 125
processing ................................................................ 101
solutions ......................................................... 126, 133
Poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) ............ 20–25, 27
Protein patterning ......................................................... 125
Q
Quant-iT
™ PicoGreen
® reagent .................................. 183
R
Rapid prototyping (RP)......................................... 55, 107
Regenerative medicine .................................................. 149
Ring opening polymerization (ROP) ............... 22–23, 56
S
Scaffold design approach ................................................ 15
Scaffold fabrication ............................. 101–103, 106–108
Scaffold-free cartilage tissue model
alginate capsule, preparation .................................. 178
bioprinting, tissue strands ...................................... 180
cell bioprinting ........................................................ 175
cell preparation ........................................................ 178
cell viability assay ..................................................... 179
compression tests .................................................... 181
histology analysis ..................................................... 179
hydrogel/polymer matrix ....................................... 175
immunohistochemistry analysis.............................. 179
materials
bioprinting equipment...................................... 177
cell viability assay ............................................... 177
DMMB assay ..................................................... 178
histology ............................................................ 178
immunohistochemistry analysis........................ 178
sodium alginate preparation ............................. 176
methods, bioprinting .............................................. 175
RNA extraction ....................................................... 180
self-assembly, tissue strands .................................... 180
sGAG content evaluation ....................................... 179
Scaffolds.......................................... 3, 4, 6, 10–12, 15, 17
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ........................... 27
Selective laser melting (SLM)....................................... 159
Selective laser sintering (SLS)......................................... 76
Skeletal stem cells (SSCs) .........................................65, 68
Skeletal tissue engineering
biopaste synthesis ................................................67, 68
bioprinting................................................................. 67
cell culture ...........................................................65, 67
cell-laden clay-based bioinks ..............................68, 69
clay-based biopaste..............................................64, 66
polymer clay nanocomposites................................... 64
post-printing processing ........................................... 67
SSCs ........................................................................... 68
Stereolithography (SL) ...............................19–21, 23–29,
56, 57, 59–61
Surface tension-assisted AM
materials
biological characterization, constructs............. 158
cell culture ......................................................... 152
coating and photopolymerization .................... 152
COMPUTER-AIDED TISSUE ENGINEERING: METHODS AND PROTOCOLS
Index 187