540
(Sustainable Alternative Jet Fuel) processes using ethanol, methanol, n-butanol and
isobutanol have been developed. These processes differ in terms of biomass raw
materials used and the processes followed for conversion of biomass to alcohols,
types of alcohols and processes adopted for conversion of alcohols to jet fuel. Some
of the ATJ/SAJF processes which are in various stages of development are described
in the following pages.
Lanza-PNNL Process
LanzaTech Inc. and PNNL (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) have collaborated to develop a hybrid process, LT-PNNL [257], for the conversion of three different biomass raw materials, wood, corn stover and bagasse, to jet fuel, distillate
and value-added chemical, butadiene (BD), following a multistage integrated
Table 6 Bio-based jet fuel production processes—status on development and application [255]
Production
process
Developer/manufacturer
Raw materials
Aromatic
content
ASTM review stage
and max. mixing
proportions
FT-SPK
Sasol, Shell, Syntroleum Coal, natural gas,
biomass
Low
(2009)—50%
approved
HEFA
Honeywell UOP, Neste
Oil, Dynamic Fuels,
EERC
Vegetable oil,
animal fat,
recycled
vegetable oil
Low
(2011)—50%
approved
SIP
Amyris, Total
Sugar
Low
(2014)—50%
approved
ATJ-SPK
Gevo, Cobalt, Honeywell
UOP, LanzaTech, Swedish
Biofuels, Byogy
Starch, sugar,
cellulose-based
biomass
Low
(2016)—50%
approved
FT-SKA
Sasol
Coal, natural gas,
biomass
High
Under review by
committee
HDO-SK
Virent
Starch, sugar
cellulose-based
biomass
Low
Investigation report
submitted
HDO-SKA Virent
Starch, sugar
cellulose-based
biomass
High
Investigation report
under review
HDCJ
Honeywell UOP, Licella,
KiOR
Cellulose-based
biomass
High
Supplement to
investigation report
received
CH
Chevron Lummus Global,
Applied Research
Associates, Blue Sun
Energy
Vegetable oil,
animal fat,
recycled
vegetable oil
Low
Investigation report
under review
FT-SPK Fischer-Tropsch synthetic paraffinic kerosene, HEFA hydrotreated esters and fatty acids,
SIP synthesized isoparaffins, SKA synthetic paraffinic kerosene with high aromatics, HDO hydrodeoxygenation, HRJ hydrotreated renewable jet
R. Vinayagamoorthi et al.
(Sustainable Alternative Jet Fuel) processes using ethanol, methanol, n-butanol and
isobutanol have been developed. These processes differ in terms of biomass raw
materials used and the processes followed for conversion of biomass to alcohols,
types of alcohols and processes adopted for conversion of alcohols to jet fuel. Some
of the ATJ/SAJF processes which are in various stages of development are described
in the following pages.
Lanza-PNNL Process
LanzaTech Inc. and PNNL (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory) have collaborated to develop a hybrid process, LT-PNNL [257], for the conversion of three different biomass raw materials, wood, corn stover and bagasse, to jet fuel, distillate
and value-added chemical, butadiene (BD), following a multistage integrated
Table 6 Bio-based jet fuel production processes—status on development and application [255]
Production
process
Developer/manufacturer
Raw materials
Aromatic
content
ASTM review stage
and max. mixing
proportions
FT-SPK
Sasol, Shell, Syntroleum Coal, natural gas,
biomass
Low
(2009)—50%
approved
HEFA
Honeywell UOP, Neste
Oil, Dynamic Fuels,
EERC
Vegetable oil,
animal fat,
recycled
vegetable oil
Low
(2011)—50%
approved
SIP
Amyris, Total
Sugar
Low
(2014)—50%
approved
ATJ-SPK
Gevo, Cobalt, Honeywell
UOP, LanzaTech, Swedish
Biofuels, Byogy
Starch, sugar,
cellulose-based
biomass
Low
(2016)—50%
approved
FT-SKA
Sasol
Coal, natural gas,
biomass
High
Under review by
committee
HDO-SK
Virent
Starch, sugar
cellulose-based
biomass
Low
Investigation report
submitted
HDO-SKA Virent
Starch, sugar
cellulose-based
biomass
High
Investigation report
under review
HDCJ
Honeywell UOP, Licella,
KiOR
Cellulose-based
biomass
High
Supplement to
investigation report
received
CH
Chevron Lummus Global,
Applied Research
Associates, Blue Sun
Energy
Vegetable oil,
animal fat,
recycled
vegetable oil
Low
Investigation report
under review
FT-SPK Fischer-Tropsch synthetic paraffinic kerosene, HEFA hydrotreated esters and fatty acids,
SIP synthesized isoparaffins, SKA synthetic paraffinic kerosene with high aromatics, HDO hydrodeoxygenation, HRJ hydrotreated renewable jet
R. Vinayagamoorthi et al.