39
63. Stamatov V, Honnery D, Soria J (2006) Combustion properties of slow pyrolysis bio-oil produced from indigenous Australian species. Renew Energy 31(13):2108–2121
64. Hagner M, Tiilikkala K, Lindqvist I, Niemelä K, Wikberg H, Källi A et al (2018) Performance
of liquids from slow pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization in plant protection. In: Waste
biomass valorization, pp 1–12
65. Carrier M, Hugo T, Gorgens J, Knoetze H (2011) Comparison of slow and vacuum pyrolysis
of sugar cane bagasse. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 90(1):18–26
66. Aziz AA, Deraman M (2013) Pore structure of carbon granules prepared from slow pyrolysis
of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres. J Oil Palm Res 25(2):216–227
67. Moreira R, Orsini RD, Vaz JM, Penteado JC, Spinace EV (2017) Production of biochar,
bio-oil and synthesis gas from cashew nut shell by slow pyrolysis. Waste Biomass Valor
8(1):217–224
68. Antal MJ, Gronli M (2003) The art, science, and technology of charcoal production. Ind Eng
Chem Res 42(8):1619–1640
69. Prins MJ, Ptasinski KJ, Janssen FJJG (2006) Torrefaction of wood: Part 1. Weight loss kinetics. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 77(1):28–34
70. van der Stelt MJC, Gerhauser H, Kiel JHA, Ptasinski KJ (2011) Biomass upgrading by torrefaction for the production of biofuels: a review. Biomass Bioenergy 35(9):3748–3762
71. Batidzirai B, Mignot APR, Schakel WB, Junginger HM, Faaij APC (2013) Biomass torrefaction technology: techno-economic status and future prospects. Energy 62:196–214
72. Neumann J, Meyer J, Ouadi M, Apfelbacher A, Binder S, Hornung A (2016) The conversion
of anaerobic digestion waste into biofuels via a novel thermo-catalytic reforming process.
Waste Manag 47:141–148
73. Hornung A (2013) Intermediate pyrolysis of biomass. Woodhead Publ Ser En 40:172–186
74. Ouadi M, Brammer JG, Yang Y, Hornung A, Kay M (2013) The intermediate pyrolysis of
de-inking sludge to produce a sustainable liquid fuel. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 102:24–32
75. Yang Y, Brammer JG, Mahmood ASN, Hornung A (2014) Intermediate pyrolysis of biomass
energy pellets for producing sustainable liquid, gaseous and solid fuels. Bioresour Technol
169:794–799
76. Pattiya A (2018) 1—Fast pyrolysis. In: Rosendahl L (ed) Direct thermochemical liquefaction
for energy applications. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, pp 3–28
77. Blanco A, Chejne F (2016) Modeling and simulation of biomass fast pyrolysis in a fluidized
bed reactor. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 118:105–114
78. Dickerson T, Soria J (2013) Catalytic fast pyrolysis: a review. Energies 6(1):514–538
79. Oasmaa A, Kuoppala E, Solantausta Y (2003) Fast pyrolysis of forestry residue. 2.
Physicochemical composition of product liquid. Energy Fuel 17(2):433–443
80. Czernik S, Bridgwater AV (2004) Overview of applications of biomass fast pyrolysis oil.
Energy Fuel 18(2):590–598
81. Dhyani V, Bhaskar T (2018) A comprehensive review on the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic
biomass. Renew Energy 129:695–716
82. Zhang Q, Chang J, Wang TJ, Xu Y (2007) Review of biomass pyrolysis oil properties and
upgrading research. Energ Conver Manage 48(1):87–92
83. Hornung A, Apfelbacher A, Sagi S (2011) Intermediate pyrolysis: a sustainable biomassto- energy concept—biothermal valorisation of biomass (BtVB) process. J Sci Ind Res
70(8):664–667
84. Abu El-Rub Z, Bramer EA, Brem G (2004) Review of catalysts for tar elimination in biomass
gasification processes. Ind Eng Chem Res 43(22):6911–6919
85. Kebelmann K, Hornung A, Karsten U, Griffiths G (2013) Thermo-chemical behaviour and
chemical product formation from polar seaweeds during intermediate pyrolysis. J Anal Appl
Pyrolysis 104:131–138
86. Ouadi M, Kay M, Brammer J, Hornung A (2012) Waste to power. Tappi J 11(2):55–64
87. Hossain AK, Ouadi M, Siddiqui SU, Yang Y, Brammer J, Hornung A et al (2013) Experimental
investigation of performance, emission and combustion characteristics of an indirect injecThermochemical Conversion of Biomass and Upgrading of Bio-Products to Produce…
63. Stamatov V, Honnery D, Soria J (2006) Combustion properties of slow pyrolysis bio-oil produced from indigenous Australian species. Renew Energy 31(13):2108–2121
64. Hagner M, Tiilikkala K, Lindqvist I, Niemelä K, Wikberg H, Källi A et al (2018) Performance
of liquids from slow pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization in plant protection. In: Waste
biomass valorization, pp 1–12
65. Carrier M, Hugo T, Gorgens J, Knoetze H (2011) Comparison of slow and vacuum pyrolysis
of sugar cane bagasse. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 90(1):18–26
66. Aziz AA, Deraman M (2013) Pore structure of carbon granules prepared from slow pyrolysis
of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres. J Oil Palm Res 25(2):216–227
67. Moreira R, Orsini RD, Vaz JM, Penteado JC, Spinace EV (2017) Production of biochar,
bio-oil and synthesis gas from cashew nut shell by slow pyrolysis. Waste Biomass Valor
8(1):217–224
68. Antal MJ, Gronli M (2003) The art, science, and technology of charcoal production. Ind Eng
Chem Res 42(8):1619–1640
69. Prins MJ, Ptasinski KJ, Janssen FJJG (2006) Torrefaction of wood: Part 1. Weight loss kinetics. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 77(1):28–34
70. van der Stelt MJC, Gerhauser H, Kiel JHA, Ptasinski KJ (2011) Biomass upgrading by torrefaction for the production of biofuels: a review. Biomass Bioenergy 35(9):3748–3762
71. Batidzirai B, Mignot APR, Schakel WB, Junginger HM, Faaij APC (2013) Biomass torrefaction technology: techno-economic status and future prospects. Energy 62:196–214
72. Neumann J, Meyer J, Ouadi M, Apfelbacher A, Binder S, Hornung A (2016) The conversion
of anaerobic digestion waste into biofuels via a novel thermo-catalytic reforming process.
Waste Manag 47:141–148
73. Hornung A (2013) Intermediate pyrolysis of biomass. Woodhead Publ Ser En 40:172–186
74. Ouadi M, Brammer JG, Yang Y, Hornung A, Kay M (2013) The intermediate pyrolysis of
de-inking sludge to produce a sustainable liquid fuel. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 102:24–32
75. Yang Y, Brammer JG, Mahmood ASN, Hornung A (2014) Intermediate pyrolysis of biomass
energy pellets for producing sustainable liquid, gaseous and solid fuels. Bioresour Technol
169:794–799
76. Pattiya A (2018) 1—Fast pyrolysis. In: Rosendahl L (ed) Direct thermochemical liquefaction
for energy applications. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, pp 3–28
77. Blanco A, Chejne F (2016) Modeling and simulation of biomass fast pyrolysis in a fluidized
bed reactor. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 118:105–114
78. Dickerson T, Soria J (2013) Catalytic fast pyrolysis: a review. Energies 6(1):514–538
79. Oasmaa A, Kuoppala E, Solantausta Y (2003) Fast pyrolysis of forestry residue. 2.
Physicochemical composition of product liquid. Energy Fuel 17(2):433–443
80. Czernik S, Bridgwater AV (2004) Overview of applications of biomass fast pyrolysis oil.
Energy Fuel 18(2):590–598
81. Dhyani V, Bhaskar T (2018) A comprehensive review on the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic
biomass. Renew Energy 129:695–716
82. Zhang Q, Chang J, Wang TJ, Xu Y (2007) Review of biomass pyrolysis oil properties and
upgrading research. Energ Conver Manage 48(1):87–92
83. Hornung A, Apfelbacher A, Sagi S (2011) Intermediate pyrolysis: a sustainable biomassto- energy concept—biothermal valorisation of biomass (BtVB) process. J Sci Ind Res
70(8):664–667
84. Abu El-Rub Z, Bramer EA, Brem G (2004) Review of catalysts for tar elimination in biomass
gasification processes. Ind Eng Chem Res 43(22):6911–6919
85. Kebelmann K, Hornung A, Karsten U, Griffiths G (2013) Thermo-chemical behaviour and
chemical product formation from polar seaweeds during intermediate pyrolysis. J Anal Appl
Pyrolysis 104:131–138
86. Ouadi M, Kay M, Brammer J, Hornung A (2012) Waste to power. Tappi J 11(2):55–64
87. Hossain AK, Ouadi M, Siddiqui SU, Yang Y, Brammer J, Hornung A et al (2013) Experimental
investigation of performance, emission and combustion characteristics of an indirect injecThermochemical Conversion of Biomass and Upgrading of Bio-Products to Produce…