38
42. Quina MJ, Bordado JC, Quinta-Ferreira RM (2011) Air pollution control in municipal solid
waste incinerators. In: The impact of air pollution on health, economy, environment and agricultural sources. InTech, Rijeka
43. Cherubini F (2010) The biorefinery concept: using biomass instead of oil for producing
energy and chemicals. Energ Conver Manage 51(7):1412–1421
44. Kamm B, Gruber PR, Kamm M (2000) Biorefineries—industrial processes and products.
Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA,
Weinheim
45. Iqbal S, Davies TE, Morgan DJ, Karim K, Hayward JS, Bartley JK et al (2016) Fischer
Tropsch synthesis using cobalt based carbon catalysts. Catal Today 275:35–39
46. Jahangiri H, Bennett J, Mahjoubi P, Wilson K, Gu S (2014) A review of advanced catalyst
development for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons from biomass derived syn-gas.
Cat Sci Technol 4(8):2210–2229
47. Mahmoudi H, Jahangiri H, Doustdar O, Akbari N, Wood J, Tsolakis A, et al (2020)
Maximizing paraffin to olefin ratio employing simulated nitrogen-rich syngas via FischerTropsch process over Co3O4/SiO2 catalysts. Fuel Processing Technology 208:106477
48. Ahmad AA, Zawawi NA, Kasim FH, Inayat A, Khasri A (2016) Assessing the gasification
performance of biomass: a review on biomass gasification process conditions, optimization
and economic evaluation. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 53:1333–1347
49. Warnecke R (2000) Gasification of biomass: comparison of fixed bed and fluidized bed gasifier. Biomass Bioenergy 18(6):489–497
50. Heidenreich S, Müller M, Foscolo PU (2016) Chap. 2—fundamental concepts in biomass
gasification. In: Heidenreich S, Müller M, Foscolo PU (eds) Advanced biomass gasification.
Academic Press, New York, pp 4–10
51. Reed TB, Das A (1988) Handbook of biomass downdraft gasifier engine systems. Biomass
Energy Foundation, Golden, CO
52. Ouadi M, Fivga A, Jahangiri H, Saghir M, Hornung A (2019) A review of the valorization of
paper industry wastes by thermochemical conversion. Ind Eng Chem Res 58(35):15914–15929
53. Pfeifer C, Rauch R, Hofbauer H (2004) In-bed catalytic tar reduction in a dual fluidized bed
biomass steam gasifier. Ind Eng Chem Res 43(7):1634–1640
54. Mahmood ASN, Brammer JG, Hornung A, Steele A, Poulston S (2013) The intermediate pyrolysis and catalytic steam reforming of brewers spent grain. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis
103:328–342
55. Collard F-X, Blin J (2014) A review on pyrolysis of biomass constituents: mechanisms and
composition of the products obtained from the conversion of cellulose, hemicelluloses and
lignin. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 38:594–608
56. Klaas M, Greenhalf C, Ouadi M, Jahangiri H, Hornung A, Briens C, et al (2020) The effect
of torrefaction pre-treatment on the pyrolysis of corn cobs. Results Eng 7:100165
57. Bridgwater AV (2012) Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading. Biomass
Bioenergy 38:68–94
58. Xiu S, Shahbazi A (2012) Bio-oil production and upgrading research: a review. Renew
Sustain Energy Rev 16(7):4406–4414
59. Dhyani V, Bhaskar T (2019) Chap. 9—pyrolysis of biomass. In: Pandey A, Larroche C,
Dussap C-G, Gnansounou E, Khanal SK, Ricke S (eds) Biofuels: alternative feedstocks and
conversion processes for the production of liquid and gaseous biofuels, 2nd edn. Academic
Press, New York, pp 217–244
60. Cong H, Mašek O, Zhao L, Yao Z, Meng H, Hu E et al (2018) Slow pyrolysis performance
and energy balance of corn stover in continuous pyrolysis-based poly-generation systems.
Energy Fuel 32(3):3743–3750
61. Crombie K, Mašek O (2014) Investigating the potential for a self-sustaining slow pyrolysis
system under varying operating conditions. Bioresour Technol 162:148–156
62. Park J, Lee Y, Ryu C, Park YK (2014) Slow pyrolysis of rice straw: analysis of products
properties, carbon and energy yields. Bioresour Technol 155:63–70
H. Jahangiri et al.
42. Quina MJ, Bordado JC, Quinta-Ferreira RM (2011) Air pollution control in municipal solid
waste incinerators. In: The impact of air pollution on health, economy, environment and agricultural sources. InTech, Rijeka
43. Cherubini F (2010) The biorefinery concept: using biomass instead of oil for producing
energy and chemicals. Energ Conver Manage 51(7):1412–1421
44. Kamm B, Gruber PR, Kamm M (2000) Biorefineries—industrial processes and products.
Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA,
Weinheim
45. Iqbal S, Davies TE, Morgan DJ, Karim K, Hayward JS, Bartley JK et al (2016) Fischer
Tropsch synthesis using cobalt based carbon catalysts. Catal Today 275:35–39
46. Jahangiri H, Bennett J, Mahjoubi P, Wilson K, Gu S (2014) A review of advanced catalyst
development for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons from biomass derived syn-gas.
Cat Sci Technol 4(8):2210–2229
47. Mahmoudi H, Jahangiri H, Doustdar O, Akbari N, Wood J, Tsolakis A, et al (2020)
Maximizing paraffin to olefin ratio employing simulated nitrogen-rich syngas via FischerTropsch process over Co3O4/SiO2 catalysts. Fuel Processing Technology 208:106477
48. Ahmad AA, Zawawi NA, Kasim FH, Inayat A, Khasri A (2016) Assessing the gasification
performance of biomass: a review on biomass gasification process conditions, optimization
and economic evaluation. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 53:1333–1347
49. Warnecke R (2000) Gasification of biomass: comparison of fixed bed and fluidized bed gasifier. Biomass Bioenergy 18(6):489–497
50. Heidenreich S, Müller M, Foscolo PU (2016) Chap. 2—fundamental concepts in biomass
gasification. In: Heidenreich S, Müller M, Foscolo PU (eds) Advanced biomass gasification.
Academic Press, New York, pp 4–10
51. Reed TB, Das A (1988) Handbook of biomass downdraft gasifier engine systems. Biomass
Energy Foundation, Golden, CO
52. Ouadi M, Fivga A, Jahangiri H, Saghir M, Hornung A (2019) A review of the valorization of
paper industry wastes by thermochemical conversion. Ind Eng Chem Res 58(35):15914–15929
53. Pfeifer C, Rauch R, Hofbauer H (2004) In-bed catalytic tar reduction in a dual fluidized bed
biomass steam gasifier. Ind Eng Chem Res 43(7):1634–1640
54. Mahmood ASN, Brammer JG, Hornung A, Steele A, Poulston S (2013) The intermediate pyrolysis and catalytic steam reforming of brewers spent grain. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis
103:328–342
55. Collard F-X, Blin J (2014) A review on pyrolysis of biomass constituents: mechanisms and
composition of the products obtained from the conversion of cellulose, hemicelluloses and
lignin. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 38:594–608
56. Klaas M, Greenhalf C, Ouadi M, Jahangiri H, Hornung A, Briens C, et al (2020) The effect
of torrefaction pre-treatment on the pyrolysis of corn cobs. Results Eng 7:100165
57. Bridgwater AV (2012) Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading. Biomass
Bioenergy 38:68–94
58. Xiu S, Shahbazi A (2012) Bio-oil production and upgrading research: a review. Renew
Sustain Energy Rev 16(7):4406–4414
59. Dhyani V, Bhaskar T (2019) Chap. 9—pyrolysis of biomass. In: Pandey A, Larroche C,
Dussap C-G, Gnansounou E, Khanal SK, Ricke S (eds) Biofuels: alternative feedstocks and
conversion processes for the production of liquid and gaseous biofuels, 2nd edn. Academic
Press, New York, pp 217–244
60. Cong H, Mašek O, Zhao L, Yao Z, Meng H, Hu E et al (2018) Slow pyrolysis performance
and energy balance of corn stover in continuous pyrolysis-based poly-generation systems.
Energy Fuel 32(3):3743–3750
61. Crombie K, Mašek O (2014) Investigating the potential for a self-sustaining slow pyrolysis
system under varying operating conditions. Bioresour Technol 162:148–156
62. Park J, Lee Y, Ryu C, Park YK (2014) Slow pyrolysis of rice straw: analysis of products
properties, carbon and energy yields. Bioresour Technol 155:63–70
H. Jahangiri et al.