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119. Okamura M, Takagaki A, Toda M et al (2006) Acid-catalyzed reactions on flexible polycyclic
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org/10.1021/ja803983h
121. Toda M, Takagaki A, Okamura M et al (2005) Biodiesel made with sugar catalyst. Nature
438:178. https://doi.org/10.1038/438178a
122. Hu B, Yu S-H, Wang K et al (2008) Functional carbonaceous materials from hydrothermal
carbonization of biomass: an effective chemical process. Dalton Trans 40:5414–5423. https://
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123. Mahajan A, Gupta P (2019) Carbon - based solid acids : a review. Environ Chem Lett 18:299.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311- 019- 00940- 7
124. Sun X, Li Y (2004) Ga2O3 and GaN semiconductor hollow spheres. Angew Chem Int Ed
43:3827–3831. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200353212
125. Enumula SS, Gurram VRB, Chada RR et al (2017) Clean synthesis of alkyl levulinates
from levulinic acid over one pot synthesized WO3-SBA-16 catalyst. J Mol Catal A Chem
426:30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2016.10.032
K. C. Maheria et al.
106. Kuwahara Y, Kaburagi W, Nemoto K, Fujitani T (2014) Esterification of levulinic acid with
ethanol over sulfated Si-doped ZrO2 solid acid catalyst: study of the structure–activity relationships. Appl Catal A Gen 476:186–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2014.02.032
107. Su F, Ma L, Song D et al (2013) Design of a highly ordered mesoporous H3PW12O40/ZrO2–
Si(Ph)Si hybrid catalyst for methyl levulinate synthesis. Green Chem 15:885–890. https://
doi.org/10.1039/C3GC36912A
108. Unlu D, Ilgen O, Durmaz Hilmioglu N (2017) Reactive separation system for effective
upgrade of levulinic acid into ethyl levulinate. Chem Eng Res Des 118:248–258. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.cherd.2016.12.009
109. Yamaguchi T (1994) Application of ZrO2 as a catalyst and a catalyst support. Catal Today
20:199–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/0920- 5861(94)80003- 0
110. Samaranch B, Ramírez de la Piscina P, Clet G et al (2007) Synthesis and characterization
of Ta2O5−ZrO2 systems: structure, surface acidity, and catalytic properties. Chem Mater
19:1445–1451. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm062704z
111. Budarin VL, Clark JH, Luque R, Macquarrie DJ (2007) Versatile mesoporous carbonaceous
materials for acid catalysis. Chem Commun:634–636. https://doi.org/10.1039/B614537J
112. Li N, Jiang S, Liu Z et al (2019) Preparation and catalytic performance of loofah spongederived carbon sulfonic acid for the conversion of levulinic acid to ethyl levulinate. Catal
Commun 121:11–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2018.12.007
113. Liu C, Zhang K, Liu Y, Wu S (2019) Esterification of levulinic acid into ethyl levulinate catalyzed by sulfonated bagasse-carbonized solid acid. Bioresources 14:2186–2196. https://doi.
org/10.15376/biores.14.1.2186- 2196
114. Pileidis FD, Tabassum M, Coutts S, Ttitirici MM (2014) Esterification of levulinic acid into
ethyl levulinate catalysed by sulfonated hydrothermal carbons. Chin J Catal 35:929–936.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872- 2067(14)60125- X
115. Zainol MM, Amin NAS, Asmadi M (2017) Effects of thermal treatment on carbon cryogel preparation for catalytic esterification of levulinic acid to ethyl levulinate. Fuel Process
Technol 167:431–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.07.028
116. Zainol MM, Amin NAS, Asmadi M (2019) Kinetics and thermodynamic analysis of levulinic
acid esterification using lignin-furfural carbon cryogel catalyst. Renew Energy 130:547–557.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.06.085
117. Nakajima K, Hara M (2012) Amorphous carbon with SO3H groups as a solid Brønsted acid
catalyst. ACS Catal 2:1296–1304. https://doi.org/10.1021/cs300103k
118. Hara M, Yoshida T, Takagaki A et al (2004) A carbon material as a strong protonic acid.
Angew Chem Int Ed 43:2955–2958. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200453947
119. Okamura M, Takagaki A, Toda M et al (2006) Acid-catalyzed reactions on flexible polycyclic
aromatic carbon in amorphous carbon. Chem Mater 18:3039–3045. https://doi.org/10.1021/
cm0605623
120. Suganuma S, Nakajima K, Kitano M et al (2008) Hydrolysis of cellulose by amorphous carbon bearing SO3H, COOH, and OH groups. J Am Chem Soc 130:12787–12793. https://doi.
org/10.1021/ja803983h
121. Toda M, Takagaki A, Okamura M et al (2005) Biodiesel made with sugar catalyst. Nature
438:178. https://doi.org/10.1038/438178a
122. Hu B, Yu S-H, Wang K et al (2008) Functional carbonaceous materials from hydrothermal
carbonization of biomass: an effective chemical process. Dalton Trans 40:5414–5423. https://
doi.org/10.1039/B804644C
123. Mahajan A, Gupta P (2019) Carbon - based solid acids : a review. Environ Chem Lett 18:299.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311- 019- 00940- 7
124. Sun X, Li Y (2004) Ga2O3 and GaN semiconductor hollow spheres. Angew Chem Int Ed
43:3827–3831. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200353212
125. Enumula SS, Gurram VRB, Chada RR et al (2017) Clean synthesis of alkyl levulinates
from levulinic acid over one pot synthesized WO3-SBA-16 catalyst. J Mol Catal A Chem
426:30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2016.10.032
K. C. Maheria et al.