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126. Maggi R, Shiju NR, Santacroce V et al (2016) Silica-supported sulfonic acids as recyclable
catalyst for esterification of levulinic acid with stoichiometric amounts of alcohols. Beilstein
J Org Chem 12:2173–2180. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.12.207
127. Melero JA, Morales G, Iglesias J et al (2013) Efficient conversion of levulinic acid into alkyl
levulinates catalyzed by sulfonic mesostructured silicas. Appl Catal A Gen 466:116–122.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2013.06.035
128. Najafi Chermahini A, Nazeri M (2017) Esterification of the levulinic acid with n-butyl and
isobutyl alcohols over aluminum-containing MCM-41. Fuel Process Technol 167:442–450.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.07.034
129. Yang F, Tang J (2019) Catalytic upgrading of renewable levulinic acid to levulinate esters
using perchloric acid decorated nanoporous silica gels. ChemistrySelect 4:1403–1409.
https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201803608
130. Drago RS, Dias JA, Maier TO (1997) An acidity scale for Brönsted acids including
H3PW12O40. J Am Chem Soc 119:7702–7710. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9639123
131. Costa VV, da Silva Rocha KA, Oliveira LCA et al (2016) Heteropoly acid catalysts for the
synthesis of fragrance compounds from bio-renewables: acetylation of nopol and terpenic
alcohols. RSC Adv 6:43217–43222. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA02266A
132. Kuwahara Y, Kango H, Yamashita H (2017) Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of
biomass- derived levulinic acid and its esters to γ-valerolactone over sulfonic acidfunctionalized UiO-66. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:1141–1152. https://doi.org/10.1021/
acssuschemeng.6b02464
133. Taylor P, Heravi MM, Fard MV, Faghihi Z (2013) Green chemistry letters and reviews heteropoly acids-catalyzed organic reactions in water : doubly green reactions. Green Chem Lett
Rev 6:282–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2013.846415
134. Bennardi DO, Romanelli GP, Sathicq ÁG et al (2011) Wells–Dawson heteropolyacid as reusable catalyst for sustainable synthesis of flavones. Appl Catal A Gen 404:68–73. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.apcata.2011.07.011
135. Vázquez PG, Blanco MN, Cáceres CV (1999) Catalysts based on supported
12- molybdophosphoric
acid.
Catal
Lett
60:205–215.
https://doi.org/10.102
3/A:1019071410838
136. Quereshi S, Ahmad E, Pant KK, Dutta S (2019) Synthesis and characterization of zirconia supported silicotungstic acid for ethyl levulinate production. Ind Eng Chem Res
58:16045–16054. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01659
137. Pasha N, Raj NL (2019) Zirconium exchanged phosphotungstic acid catalysts for esterification of levulinic acid to ethyl levulinate. Catal Lett 149:2500–2507. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10562- 019- 02862- z
138. Wu M, Zhang X, Su X et al (2016) 3D graphene aerogel anchored tungstophosphoric acid
catalysts: characterization and catalytic performance for levulinic acid esterification with
ethanol. Catal Commun 85:66–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2016.07.023
139. Shimizu K, Niimi K, Satsuma A (2008) Polyvalent-metal salts of heteropolyacid as catalyst
for Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions. Appl Catal A Gen 349:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apcata.2008.03.042
140. Zhou X, Li ZX, Zhang C et al (2016) Efficient conversion of renewable levulinic acid to
n-butyl levulinate catalyzed by ammonium and silver co-doped phosphotungstic acid. J Mol
Catal A Chem 417:71–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2016.03.006
141. Ramli NAS, Sivasubramaniam D, Amin NAS (2017) Esterification of levulinic acid using
ZrO2-supported phosphotungstic acid catalyst for ethyl levulinate production. Bioenergy Res
10:1105–1116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155- 017- 9872- 1
142. Wu M, Zhao Q, Li J et al (2016) Esterification of levulinic acid into hexyl levulinate over
dodecatungstophosphoric acid anchored to Al-MCM-41. J Exp Neurosci 11:1331. https://doi.
org/10.1080/17458080.2016.1214985
Solid Acid-Catalyzed Esterification of Levulinic Acid for Production of Value-Added…
126. Maggi R, Shiju NR, Santacroce V et al (2016) Silica-supported sulfonic acids as recyclable
catalyst for esterification of levulinic acid with stoichiometric amounts of alcohols. Beilstein
J Org Chem 12:2173–2180. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.12.207
127. Melero JA, Morales G, Iglesias J et al (2013) Efficient conversion of levulinic acid into alkyl
levulinates catalyzed by sulfonic mesostructured silicas. Appl Catal A Gen 466:116–122.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2013.06.035
128. Najafi Chermahini A, Nazeri M (2017) Esterification of the levulinic acid with n-butyl and
isobutyl alcohols over aluminum-containing MCM-41. Fuel Process Technol 167:442–450.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.07.034
129. Yang F, Tang J (2019) Catalytic upgrading of renewable levulinic acid to levulinate esters
using perchloric acid decorated nanoporous silica gels. ChemistrySelect 4:1403–1409.
https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201803608
130. Drago RS, Dias JA, Maier TO (1997) An acidity scale for Brönsted acids including
H3PW12O40. J Am Chem Soc 119:7702–7710. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9639123
131. Costa VV, da Silva Rocha KA, Oliveira LCA et al (2016) Heteropoly acid catalysts for the
synthesis of fragrance compounds from bio-renewables: acetylation of nopol and terpenic
alcohols. RSC Adv 6:43217–43222. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA02266A
132. Kuwahara Y, Kango H, Yamashita H (2017) Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of
biomass- derived levulinic acid and its esters to γ-valerolactone over sulfonic acidfunctionalized UiO-66. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:1141–1152. https://doi.org/10.1021/
acssuschemeng.6b02464
133. Taylor P, Heravi MM, Fard MV, Faghihi Z (2013) Green chemistry letters and reviews heteropoly acids-catalyzed organic reactions in water : doubly green reactions. Green Chem Lett
Rev 6:282–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2013.846415
134. Bennardi DO, Romanelli GP, Sathicq ÁG et al (2011) Wells–Dawson heteropolyacid as reusable catalyst for sustainable synthesis of flavones. Appl Catal A Gen 404:68–73. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.apcata.2011.07.011
135. Vázquez PG, Blanco MN, Cáceres CV (1999) Catalysts based on supported
12- molybdophosphoric
acid.
Catal
Lett
60:205–215.
https://doi.org/10.102
3/A:1019071410838
136. Quereshi S, Ahmad E, Pant KK, Dutta S (2019) Synthesis and characterization of zirconia supported silicotungstic acid for ethyl levulinate production. Ind Eng Chem Res
58:16045–16054. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01659
137. Pasha N, Raj NL (2019) Zirconium exchanged phosphotungstic acid catalysts for esterification of levulinic acid to ethyl levulinate. Catal Lett 149:2500–2507. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10562- 019- 02862- z
138. Wu M, Zhang X, Su X et al (2016) 3D graphene aerogel anchored tungstophosphoric acid
catalysts: characterization and catalytic performance for levulinic acid esterification with
ethanol. Catal Commun 85:66–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2016.07.023
139. Shimizu K, Niimi K, Satsuma A (2008) Polyvalent-metal salts of heteropolyacid as catalyst
for Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions. Appl Catal A Gen 349:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apcata.2008.03.042
140. Zhou X, Li ZX, Zhang C et al (2016) Efficient conversion of renewable levulinic acid to
n-butyl levulinate catalyzed by ammonium and silver co-doped phosphotungstic acid. J Mol
Catal A Chem 417:71–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2016.03.006
141. Ramli NAS, Sivasubramaniam D, Amin NAS (2017) Esterification of levulinic acid using
ZrO2-supported phosphotungstic acid catalyst for ethyl levulinate production. Bioenergy Res
10:1105–1116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155- 017- 9872- 1
142. Wu M, Zhao Q, Li J et al (2016) Esterification of levulinic acid into hexyl levulinate over
dodecatungstophosphoric acid anchored to Al-MCM-41. J Exp Neurosci 11:1331. https://doi.
org/10.1080/17458080.2016.1214985
Solid Acid-Catalyzed Esterification of Levulinic Acid for Production of Value-Added…