375
46. Manzer LE (2004) Production of 5-methyl-n-aryl-2- pyrrolidone and 5-methyl-n-alkyl 2-pyrrolidone by reductive amination of levulinic acid with nitro compounds, United States Patent,
Patent No. US 6,818,593 B2
47. Manzer LE, Hutchenson KW (2007) Production of 5-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-one from levulinic acid in supercritical media, European Patent Office, EP 1636203 B1
48. Werpy T, Frye JG, Wang Y, Zacher H (2003) Methods of making pyrrolidones, United States
Patent, Patent No. US 6,603,021 B2
49. Huang Y, Dai J, Deng X, et al (2011) Ruthenium-catalyzed conversion of levulinic acid to
pyrrolidines by reductive amination ChemSusChem. 4 1578–1581. https://doi.org/10.1002/
cssc.201100344
50. Sun Z, Chen J, Tu T (2017) NHC-based coordination polymers as solid molecular catalysts
for reductive amination of biomass levulinic acid. Green Chem 19:789–794. https://doi.
org/10.1039/C6GC02591A
51. Hengne AM, Kamble SB, Rode CV (2013) Single pot conversion of furfuryl alcohol to levulinic esters and γ-valerolactone in the presence of sulfonic acid functionalized ILs and metal
catalysts. Green Chem 15:2540–2547. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3GC41098F
52. Siddiki SMAH, Touchy AS, Jamil MAR et al (2018) C-methylation of alcohols, ketones,
and indoles with methanol using heterogeneous platinum catalysts. ACS Catal 8:3091–3103.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.7b04442
53. Chieffi G, Braun M, Esposito D (2015) Continuous reductive amination of biomass-derived
molecules over carbonized filter paper-supported FeNi alloy. ChemSusChem 8:3590–3594.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201500804
54. Hayes DJ (2009) An examination of biorefining processes, catalysts and challenges. Catal
Today 145:138–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2008.04.017
55. Yang J, Li G, Zhang L, Zhang S (2018) Efficient production of n-butyl levulinate fuel additive
from levulinic acid using amorphous. Catalyst. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8010014
56. Christensen E, Williams A, Paul S et al (2011) Properties and performance of levulinate esters
as diesel blend components. Energy Fuel 25:5422–5428. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef201229j
57. Lake MA, Pleasant M, Burton SW, Cary (2010) Diesel fuel compositions containing levulinate ester. Patent application publication (10) Pub No. US 2010/0313467 A1
58. Janssen A, Pischinger S, Muether M (2010) Potential of cellulose-derived biofuels for soot
free diesel combustion. SAE Int J Fuels Lubr 3:70–84
59. Janssen A, Muether M, Kolbeck A, et al (2018) The impact of different biofuel components in diesel blends on engine efficiency and emission performance, https://doi.org/
10.4271/2010-01-2119
60. Bayarri Ferrer N (2013) Degreasing compositions derived from levulinic acid (a compound
obtainable from biomass) and process for degreasing metal surfaces, European Patent Office,
Patent No. EP 2540871 A1
61. Démolis A, Essayem N, Rataboul F (2014) Synthesis and applications of alkyl levulinates.
ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2:1338–1352. https://doi.org/10.1021/sc500082n
62. McMurry J (1988) Organic chemistry, 2nd edn. Brooks, Cole Publishing, Pacific Groove
63. Bond GC (1987) heterogeneous Catalysis: Principles and applications. United states, https://
www.osti.gov/biblio/5847708
64. Takeuchi Y, Jin F, Tohji K, Enomoto H (2008) Acid catalytic hydrothermal conversion of
carbohydrate biomass into useful substances. J Mater Sci 43:2472
65. Varkolu M, Moodley V, Potwana FSW et al (2017) Esterification of levulinic acid with ethanol over bio-glycerol derived carbon–sulfonic-acid. React Kinet Mech Catal 120:69–80.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144- 016- 1105- 7
66. Negus MP, Mansfield AC, Leadbeater NE (2015) The preparation of ethyl levulinate facilitated by flow processing: the catalyzed and uncatalyzed esterification of levulinic acid. J Flow
Chem 5:148–150. https://doi.org/10.1556/1846.2015.00005
Solid Acid-Catalyzed Esterification of Levulinic Acid for Production of Value-Added…
46. Manzer LE (2004) Production of 5-methyl-n-aryl-2- pyrrolidone and 5-methyl-n-alkyl 2-pyrrolidone by reductive amination of levulinic acid with nitro compounds, United States Patent,
Patent No. US 6,818,593 B2
47. Manzer LE, Hutchenson KW (2007) Production of 5-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-one from levulinic acid in supercritical media, European Patent Office, EP 1636203 B1
48. Werpy T, Frye JG, Wang Y, Zacher H (2003) Methods of making pyrrolidones, United States
Patent, Patent No. US 6,603,021 B2
49. Huang Y, Dai J, Deng X, et al (2011) Ruthenium-catalyzed conversion of levulinic acid to
pyrrolidines by reductive amination ChemSusChem. 4 1578–1581. https://doi.org/10.1002/
cssc.201100344
50. Sun Z, Chen J, Tu T (2017) NHC-based coordination polymers as solid molecular catalysts
for reductive amination of biomass levulinic acid. Green Chem 19:789–794. https://doi.
org/10.1039/C6GC02591A
51. Hengne AM, Kamble SB, Rode CV (2013) Single pot conversion of furfuryl alcohol to levulinic esters and γ-valerolactone in the presence of sulfonic acid functionalized ILs and metal
catalysts. Green Chem 15:2540–2547. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3GC41098F
52. Siddiki SMAH, Touchy AS, Jamil MAR et al (2018) C-methylation of alcohols, ketones,
and indoles with methanol using heterogeneous platinum catalysts. ACS Catal 8:3091–3103.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.7b04442
53. Chieffi G, Braun M, Esposito D (2015) Continuous reductive amination of biomass-derived
molecules over carbonized filter paper-supported FeNi alloy. ChemSusChem 8:3590–3594.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201500804
54. Hayes DJ (2009) An examination of biorefining processes, catalysts and challenges. Catal
Today 145:138–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2008.04.017
55. Yang J, Li G, Zhang L, Zhang S (2018) Efficient production of n-butyl levulinate fuel additive
from levulinic acid using amorphous. Catalyst. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8010014
56. Christensen E, Williams A, Paul S et al (2011) Properties and performance of levulinate esters
as diesel blend components. Energy Fuel 25:5422–5428. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef201229j
57. Lake MA, Pleasant M, Burton SW, Cary (2010) Diesel fuel compositions containing levulinate ester. Patent application publication (10) Pub No. US 2010/0313467 A1
58. Janssen A, Pischinger S, Muether M (2010) Potential of cellulose-derived biofuels for soot
free diesel combustion. SAE Int J Fuels Lubr 3:70–84
59. Janssen A, Muether M, Kolbeck A, et al (2018) The impact of different biofuel components in diesel blends on engine efficiency and emission performance, https://doi.org/
10.4271/2010-01-2119
60. Bayarri Ferrer N (2013) Degreasing compositions derived from levulinic acid (a compound
obtainable from biomass) and process for degreasing metal surfaces, European Patent Office,
Patent No. EP 2540871 A1
61. Démolis A, Essayem N, Rataboul F (2014) Synthesis and applications of alkyl levulinates.
ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2:1338–1352. https://doi.org/10.1021/sc500082n
62. McMurry J (1988) Organic chemistry, 2nd edn. Brooks, Cole Publishing, Pacific Groove
63. Bond GC (1987) heterogeneous Catalysis: Principles and applications. United states, https://
www.osti.gov/biblio/5847708
64. Takeuchi Y, Jin F, Tohji K, Enomoto H (2008) Acid catalytic hydrothermal conversion of
carbohydrate biomass into useful substances. J Mater Sci 43:2472
65. Varkolu M, Moodley V, Potwana FSW et al (2017) Esterification of levulinic acid with ethanol over bio-glycerol derived carbon–sulfonic-acid. React Kinet Mech Catal 120:69–80.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144- 016- 1105- 7
66. Negus MP, Mansfield AC, Leadbeater NE (2015) The preparation of ethyl levulinate facilitated by flow processing: the catalyzed and uncatalyzed esterification of levulinic acid. J Flow
Chem 5:148–150. https://doi.org/10.1556/1846.2015.00005
Solid Acid-Catalyzed Esterification of Levulinic Acid for Production of Value-Added…