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26. Kang M, Kim SW, Kim JW et al (2013) Optimization of levulinic acid production from
Gelidium amansii. Renew Energy 54:173–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.08.028
27. Rackemann DW, Doherty WOS (2011) The conversion of lignocellulosics to levulinic acid.
Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 5:198–214. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.267
28. Bozell JJ, Petersen GR (2010) Technology development for the production of biobased products from biorefinery carbohydrates - The US Department of Energy’s “top 10” revisited.
Green Chem 12:539–554. https://doi.org/10.1039/b922014c
29. Pasquale G, Vázquez P, Romanelli G, Baronetti G (2012) Catalytic upgrading of levulinic
acid to ethyl levulinate using reusable silica-included Wells-Dawson heteropolyacid as catalyst. Catal Commun 18:115–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2011.12.004
30. Horváth IT, Mehdi H, Fábos V et al (2008) γ-Valerolactone-a sustainable liquid for energy
and carbon-based chemicals. Green Chem 10:238–242. https://doi.org/10.1039/b712863k
31. Tang X, Zeng X, Li Z et al (2014) Production of γ-valerolactone from lignocellulosic biomass
for sustainable fuels and chemicals supply. Renew Sust Energ Rev 40:608–620. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.209
32. Yan K, Yang Y, Chai J, Lu Y (2015) Catalytic reactions of gamma-valerolactone: a platform to fuels and value-added chemicals. Appl Catal B Environ 179:292–304. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.04.030
33. Yan ZP, Lin L, Liu S (2009) Synthesis of γ-valerolactone by hydrogenation of biomass- derivedLevulinic acid over Ru/C catalyst. Energy Fuels 23:3853–3858. https://doi.org/10.1021/
ef900259h
34. Al-Shaal MG, Dzierbinski A, Palkovits R (2014) Solvent-free γ-valerolactone hydrogenation
to 2-methyltetrahydrofuran catalysed by Ru/C: a reaction network analysis. Green Chem
16:1358–1364. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3gc41803k
35. Elliott DC, Frye JG (1999) Hydrogenated 5-carbon compound and method of making, United
States Patent, Patent Number US005883266A
36. Geilen FMA, Engendahl B, Harwardt A et al (2010) Selective and flexible transformation of
biomass-derived platform chemicals by a multifunctional catalytic system. Angew Chem Int
Ed 49:5510–5514. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201002060
37. Lange JP, Price R, Ayoub PM et al (2010) Valeric biofuels: a platform of cellulosic transportation fuels. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:4479–4483. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201000655
38. Zhu R, Jiang JL, Li XL et al (2017) A comprehensive study on metal triflate-promoted hydrogenolysis of lactones to carboxylic acids: from synthetic and mechanistic perspectives. ACS
Catal 7:7520–7528. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.7b01569
39. Zeikus JG (1980) Chemical and fuel production by anaerobic bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol
34:423–464
40. Akhtar J, Idris A, Abd Aziz R (2014) Recent advances in production of succinic acid from
lignocellulosic biomass. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98:987–1000. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00253- 013- 5319- 6
41. McKinlay JB, Vieille C (2008) 13C-metabolic flux analysis of Actinobacillus succinogenes
fermentative metabolism at different NaHCO3 and H2 concentrations. Metab Eng 10:55–68.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2007.08.004
42. Song H, Lee SY (2006) Production of succinic acid by bacterial fermentation. Enzym Microb
Technol 39:352–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.11.043
43. Dunlop AP, Riverside, and Smith S (1954) Prepration of succinic acid, United states patent
office, Patent No. 2,676,186
44. Kawasumi R, Narita S, Miyamoto K et al (2017) One-step conversion of Levulinic acid to
succinic acid using I 2/t - BuOK system: the Iodoform reaction revisited. Sci Rep 7:17967.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598- 017- 17116- 4
45. Dutta S, Yu IKM, Tsang DCW et al (2019) Green synthesis of gamma-valerolactone (GVL)
through hydrogenation of biomass-derived levulinic acid using non-noble metal catalysts: a
critical review. Chem Eng J 372:992–1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.04.199
K. C. Maheria et al.
26. Kang M, Kim SW, Kim JW et al (2013) Optimization of levulinic acid production from
Gelidium amansii. Renew Energy 54:173–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.08.028
27. Rackemann DW, Doherty WOS (2011) The conversion of lignocellulosics to levulinic acid.
Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 5:198–214. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.267
28. Bozell JJ, Petersen GR (2010) Technology development for the production of biobased products from biorefinery carbohydrates - The US Department of Energy’s “top 10” revisited.
Green Chem 12:539–554. https://doi.org/10.1039/b922014c
29. Pasquale G, Vázquez P, Romanelli G, Baronetti G (2012) Catalytic upgrading of levulinic
acid to ethyl levulinate using reusable silica-included Wells-Dawson heteropolyacid as catalyst. Catal Commun 18:115–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2011.12.004
30. Horváth IT, Mehdi H, Fábos V et al (2008) γ-Valerolactone-a sustainable liquid for energy
and carbon-based chemicals. Green Chem 10:238–242. https://doi.org/10.1039/b712863k
31. Tang X, Zeng X, Li Z et al (2014) Production of γ-valerolactone from lignocellulosic biomass
for sustainable fuels and chemicals supply. Renew Sust Energ Rev 40:608–620. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.209
32. Yan K, Yang Y, Chai J, Lu Y (2015) Catalytic reactions of gamma-valerolactone: a platform to fuels and value-added chemicals. Appl Catal B Environ 179:292–304. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.04.030
33. Yan ZP, Lin L, Liu S (2009) Synthesis of γ-valerolactone by hydrogenation of biomass- derivedLevulinic acid over Ru/C catalyst. Energy Fuels 23:3853–3858. https://doi.org/10.1021/
ef900259h
34. Al-Shaal MG, Dzierbinski A, Palkovits R (2014) Solvent-free γ-valerolactone hydrogenation
to 2-methyltetrahydrofuran catalysed by Ru/C: a reaction network analysis. Green Chem
16:1358–1364. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3gc41803k
35. Elliott DC, Frye JG (1999) Hydrogenated 5-carbon compound and method of making, United
States Patent, Patent Number US005883266A
36. Geilen FMA, Engendahl B, Harwardt A et al (2010) Selective and flexible transformation of
biomass-derived platform chemicals by a multifunctional catalytic system. Angew Chem Int
Ed 49:5510–5514. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201002060
37. Lange JP, Price R, Ayoub PM et al (2010) Valeric biofuels: a platform of cellulosic transportation fuels. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:4479–4483. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201000655
38. Zhu R, Jiang JL, Li XL et al (2017) A comprehensive study on metal triflate-promoted hydrogenolysis of lactones to carboxylic acids: from synthetic and mechanistic perspectives. ACS
Catal 7:7520–7528. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.7b01569
39. Zeikus JG (1980) Chemical and fuel production by anaerobic bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol
34:423–464
40. Akhtar J, Idris A, Abd Aziz R (2014) Recent advances in production of succinic acid from
lignocellulosic biomass. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98:987–1000. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00253- 013- 5319- 6
41. McKinlay JB, Vieille C (2008) 13C-metabolic flux analysis of Actinobacillus succinogenes
fermentative metabolism at different NaHCO3 and H2 concentrations. Metab Eng 10:55–68.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2007.08.004
42. Song H, Lee SY (2006) Production of succinic acid by bacterial fermentation. Enzym Microb
Technol 39:352–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.11.043
43. Dunlop AP, Riverside, and Smith S (1954) Prepration of succinic acid, United states patent
office, Patent No. 2,676,186
44. Kawasumi R, Narita S, Miyamoto K et al (2017) One-step conversion of Levulinic acid to
succinic acid using I 2/t - BuOK system: the Iodoform reaction revisited. Sci Rep 7:17967.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598- 017- 17116- 4
45. Dutta S, Yu IKM, Tsang DCW et al (2019) Green synthesis of gamma-valerolactone (GVL)
through hydrogenation of biomass-derived levulinic acid using non-noble metal catalysts: a
critical review. Chem Eng J 372:992–1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.04.199
K. C. Maheria et al.