322
Table 8 Fructose dehydration to HMF using functionalized carbon materials
Entry Wt. of fructose Catalyst
Solvent
Temp
(°C)
Time
Conv.
(%)
Sel.
(%)
Yield
(%) Reuse References
1
0.5 g
Glu-TsOH (0.4 g)
DMSO (6 mL)
130
1.5 h
99.9 91.2 91.2 5
[134]
2
0.180 g
Cellulose sulphuric acid (50 mg)
DMSO (3 mL)
100
45 min 100
93.6 93.6 6
[135]
3
0.150 g
CNT- PSSA 15 mg
DMSO (1.5 mL)
120
30 min >99 89
89
3
[136]
4
0.33 M
Carbon- silica composite
Ethanol- water
170
1 h
78
55
43
–
[137]
5
0.09 g
Graphene oxide (8 mg)
DMSO + 2-proponal (4:1) 120
6 h
100
90
90
4
[138]
S. Gundekari et al.
Table 8 Fructose dehydration to HMF using functionalized carbon materials
Entry Wt. of fructose Catalyst
Solvent
Temp
(°C)
Time
Conv.
(%)
Sel.
(%)
Yield
(%) Reuse References
1
0.5 g
Glu-TsOH (0.4 g)
DMSO (6 mL)
130
1.5 h
99.9 91.2 91.2 5
[134]
2
0.180 g
Cellulose sulphuric acid (50 mg)
DMSO (3 mL)
100
45 min 100
93.6 93.6 6
[135]
3
0.150 g
CNT- PSSA 15 mg
DMSO (1.5 mL)
120
30 min >99 89
89
3
[136]
4
0.33 M
Carbon- silica composite
Ethanol- water
170
1 h
78
55
43
–
[137]
5
0.09 g
Graphene oxide (8 mg)
DMSO + 2-proponal (4:1) 120
6 h
100
90
90
4
[138]
S. Gundekari et al.