323
Table 9 Fructose dehydration to HMF using clay and zeolitic materials
Entry Wt. of fructose Catalyst
Solvent
Temp (°C) Time Conv. (%) Sel. (%) Yield (%) Reuse References
1
3.5 g
Mordenite (Si/Al = 11) (1 g)
H
2 O (35 mL) + MIBK
(175 ml)
165
1 h
76
91
69
–
[139]
2
3.5 g
Mordenite (Si/Al = 11) (1 g)
H
2 O (35 mL) + MIBK
(175 mL)
165
2 h
93
78
73
–
[140]
3
0.218 g
Zeolite microspheres (18 mg)
DMSO-8 g
120
5 h
100
77
77
–
[141]
4
5 wt%
Sn-mont (0.2 g) + NaCl (0.37 g) H
2 O-(1 mL + THF
5 mL)
160
3 h
n.d.
n.d.
78
6
[142]
5
0.18 g
K-10 clay-Al (120 mg)
DMSO
DMSO- (5 mL)
120
3 h
n.d.
n.d. n.d. 93.2
6
[143]
6
1.2 g
Natural clay, attapulgite 100 mg 2-butanol, water
160
2.5 h n.d.
n.d.
96.3
4
[144]
Levulinic Acid- and Furan-Based Multifunctional Materials: Opportunities…
Table 9 Fructose dehydration to HMF using clay and zeolitic materials
Entry Wt. of fructose Catalyst
Solvent
Temp (°C) Time Conv. (%) Sel. (%) Yield (%) Reuse References
1
3.5 g
Mordenite (Si/Al = 11) (1 g)
H
2 O (35 mL) + MIBK
(175 ml)
165
1 h
76
91
69
–
[139]
2
3.5 g
Mordenite (Si/Al = 11) (1 g)
H
2 O (35 mL) + MIBK
(175 mL)
165
2 h
93
78
73
–
[140]
3
0.218 g
Zeolite microspheres (18 mg)
DMSO-8 g
120
5 h
100
77
77
–
[141]
4
5 wt%
Sn-mont (0.2 g) + NaCl (0.37 g) H
2 O-(1 mL + THF
5 mL)
160
3 h
n.d.
n.d.
78
6
[142]
5
0.18 g
K-10 clay-Al (120 mg)
DMSO
DMSO- (5 mL)
120
3 h
n.d.
n.d. n.d. 93.2
6
[143]
6
1.2 g
Natural clay, attapulgite 100 mg 2-butanol, water
160
2.5 h n.d.
n.d.
96.3
4
[144]
Levulinic Acid- and Furan-Based Multifunctional Materials: Opportunities…