320
Table 6 Fructose dehydration to HMF using heteropolyacid catalysts
Entry
Wt. of
fructose
Catalyst
Solvent
Temp
(°C)
Time
Conv.
(%)
Sel
(%)
Yield
(%)
Reuse References
1
0.5 g
H
3 PW
12 O
40 or H
4 SiW
12 O
40
(0.1 mmol)
[BMIM]cl (0.6 g)
80
5 min >99
99
99
10
[121]
2
0.6 g
C
16 H
3 PW
11 Cr (0.1 mmol)
H
2 O (2 mL)
130
1.5 h 90.3
45
40.6
6
[122]
3
0.6 g
Cs
2.5 H
0.5 PW
12 O
40 (128 mg)
H
2 O (2 mL) + MIBK
(6 mL)
115
1 h
78
94.7
74.0
6
[123]
4
2.4 g
Ag
3 PW
12 O
40
H
2 O
(8 mL) + MIBK-18 mL
120
1 h
83
93.8
77.7
6
[124]
5
0.5 g
[MIMPS]
3 PW
12 O
40 (0.25 g)
Sec-butanol (100 mL)
120
2 h
99.7
98.8
99.1
6
[125]
6
0.120 g
Sn-silicotungstic acid
DMSO (2 mL)
120
2 h
98
98
98
3
[126]
S. Gundekari et al.