319
Table 5 Fructose dehydration to HMF using heterogeneous metal oxides
Entry Wt. of fructose Catalyst
Solvent
Temp
(°C)
Time
Conv.
(%)
Sel.
(%)
Yield
(%)
Reuse References
1
6 wt%
Niobium phosphate (0.7 g)
H
2 O
100
0.5 h
28.8
100
28.8
4
[111]
2
0.1 mL/min
(0.3 M)
Silica-niobia oxides
H
2 O
100
20–
40 min
≈72
≈21
≈15
100 h [112]
3
0.5 g
Silicoaluminophosphate
(0.143 g)
H
2 O (5 mL) + MIBK
(25 mL)
175
1 h
90
89
80
5
[114]
4
1.2 g
Tantalum hydroxide
H
2 O + 2-butanol
160
100 min 94
96
90
15
[115]
5
0.1 g
TiO
2 (50 mg)
DMA-LiCl (10%), 2 g
130
2 min
–
–
74.2
5
[116]
6
0.1 g
Sulphated zirconia (0.02 g)
Acetone (3.5 g) + DMSO
(3.5 g)
180
20 min
93.6
77.8
72.8
–
[117]
Levulinic Acid- and Furan-Based Multifunctional Materials: Opportunities…
Table 5 Fructose dehydration to HMF using heterogeneous metal oxides
Entry Wt. of fructose Catalyst
Solvent
Temp
(°C)
Time
Conv.
(%)
Sel.
(%)
Yield
(%)
Reuse References
1
6 wt%
Niobium phosphate (0.7 g)
H
2 O
100
0.5 h
28.8
100
28.8
4
[111]
2
0.1 mL/min
(0.3 M)
Silica-niobia oxides
H
2 O
100
20–
40 min
≈72
≈21
≈15
100 h [112]
3
0.5 g
Silicoaluminophosphate
(0.143 g)
H
2 O (5 mL) + MIBK
(25 mL)
175
1 h
90
89
80
5
[114]
4
1.2 g
Tantalum hydroxide
H
2 O + 2-butanol
160
100 min 94
96
90
15
[115]
5
0.1 g
TiO
2 (50 mg)
DMA-LiCl (10%), 2 g
130
2 min
–
–
74.2
5
[116]
6
0.1 g
Sulphated zirconia (0.02 g)
Acetone (3.5 g) + DMSO
(3.5 g)
180
20 min
93.6
77.8
72.8
–
[117]
Levulinic Acid- and Furan-Based Multifunctional Materials: Opportunities…