229
dH dt
A
H
e
H H T
n
E
RT
n
A
/
)
= ( )
− ( )
−
−
β 0
0
1
0
∆
∆
,
(8)
Equation (8) is the final step to solved, so that the resulting curves H(T) ∗ T would
be adjusted to the data with the parameters E A , ΔH 0 , and A 0 from this the values of
H(T) is obtained through numerical integration of dH/dt. There is other way to find
out parameters value through Eq. (4)
dH
dt
T
, , and H(t) can be obtained from the data.
The use of organic isocyanates in this process is toxic and highly reactive for the
production of PU, which produces the more dangerous component, phosgene,
which has an impact on the environment [4, 112]. The processing of castor oil polyurethanes reveals excellent properties due to its hydrophobicity and environmental
friendliness. Polyurethanes based on castor oil has been used in various application
such as thermoplastic to thermosetting materials, rigid, semirigid and flexible
foams, sealants, adhesives, biomedical implants, coatings, and cast elastomers [4].
Castor oil-based polyurethanes products such as a polyol, adipic acid, polyethylene
terephthalate, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are used in the application insulated
coatings and rates of biodegradation are documented for biomedical implants and
tissue engineering elsewhere [4, 43, 111]. The reaction of castor oil by using curing
agent 1,6 hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) was used to synthesize epoxy- terminated
polyurethane prepolymers [111].
Polyurethane organoclay nanocomposites are used in the application of coatings,
adhesives, and automotive, and are formulated with a mixture of polypropylene
glycol polyol and DCO (15%) [113]. Lil and Nal have applied to castor oil-based
polyurethane, in the preparation of polymer electrolyte films used in the application
for electrochemical devices, and this work also shows that polyurethane from castor
oil-based can be used in polymer electrolytes as an option bio-based polymer membrane [114]. The ricinoleic acid present in castor oil gives antibacterial activity to
undecylenic acid for polyesters synthesis. A part nylon-12,12 Dimethyl
1,12- dodecanedioate is produced from methoxycarbonylation of undecylenic acid
or its esters [4, 115]. Overall, the most important green raw material is castor oil for
chemical and polymer industries, and castor oil biopolymers have tremendous
potential in the global polymer market and the environment [3, 4].
8 Conclusions
Castor oil is a primary green resource and one of the better fossil fuel alternatives.
Castor oil derivatives have various uses in the chemical industry, agriculture, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical. Castor oil has a carboxylic acid, a double bond (between
C9 and C10), and a functional group of secondary alcohol or hydroxyl (at C12). The
presence of functional groups of castor oil has the potential to produces a wide
range of industrial materials as an alternative for petroleum-based products. The
castor oil has a unique chemical structure other than non-edible oils present, which
Castor Oil-Based Derivatives as a Raw Material for the Chemical Industry
dH dt
A
H
e
H H T
n
E
RT
n
A
/
)
= ( )
− ( )
−
−
β 0
0
1
0
∆
∆
,
(8)
Equation (8) is the final step to solved, so that the resulting curves H(T) ∗ T would
be adjusted to the data with the parameters E A , ΔH 0 , and A 0 from this the values of
H(T) is obtained through numerical integration of dH/dt. There is other way to find
out parameters value through Eq. (4)
dH
dt
T
, , and H(t) can be obtained from the data.
The use of organic isocyanates in this process is toxic and highly reactive for the
production of PU, which produces the more dangerous component, phosgene,
which has an impact on the environment [4, 112]. The processing of castor oil polyurethanes reveals excellent properties due to its hydrophobicity and environmental
friendliness. Polyurethanes based on castor oil has been used in various application
such as thermoplastic to thermosetting materials, rigid, semirigid and flexible
foams, sealants, adhesives, biomedical implants, coatings, and cast elastomers [4].
Castor oil-based polyurethanes products such as a polyol, adipic acid, polyethylene
terephthalate, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are used in the application insulated
coatings and rates of biodegradation are documented for biomedical implants and
tissue engineering elsewhere [4, 43, 111]. The reaction of castor oil by using curing
agent 1,6 hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) was used to synthesize epoxy- terminated
polyurethane prepolymers [111].
Polyurethane organoclay nanocomposites are used in the application of coatings,
adhesives, and automotive, and are formulated with a mixture of polypropylene
glycol polyol and DCO (15%) [113]. Lil and Nal have applied to castor oil-based
polyurethane, in the preparation of polymer electrolyte films used in the application
for electrochemical devices, and this work also shows that polyurethane from castor
oil-based can be used in polymer electrolytes as an option bio-based polymer membrane [114]. The ricinoleic acid present in castor oil gives antibacterial activity to
undecylenic acid for polyesters synthesis. A part nylon-12,12 Dimethyl
1,12- dodecanedioate is produced from methoxycarbonylation of undecylenic acid
or its esters [4, 115]. Overall, the most important green raw material is castor oil for
chemical and polymer industries, and castor oil biopolymers have tremendous
potential in the global polymer market and the environment [3, 4].
8 Conclusions
Castor oil is a primary green resource and one of the better fossil fuel alternatives.
Castor oil derivatives have various uses in the chemical industry, agriculture, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical. Castor oil has a carboxylic acid, a double bond (between
C9 and C10), and a functional group of secondary alcohol or hydroxyl (at C12). The
presence of functional groups of castor oil has the potential to produces a wide
range of industrial materials as an alternative for petroleum-based products. The
castor oil has a unique chemical structure other than non-edible oils present, which
Castor Oil-Based Derivatives as a Raw Material for the Chemical Industry