212
surface shades of light brown with shades of dark brown. The castor seeds are
unsafe, so intake of the seeds can cause abdominal, vomiting and human-mortal
diarrhea pain [9, 10]. Castor plants are perennial and fast-growing plant around
10–12 m high but grow steadily smaller around 1–3 m annually in the temperate
region. The stem of the plant is hollow, and light green often tinged with red and
leaves are huge, bright reddish-brown color of vein. During summer, blossoms are
always reddish-green and kept in a bundle at the ends of the branches [3].
Castor is an oil plant is non-edible and has large number properties. Over the past
decade, castor oil production has increased drastically due to ease of accessibility,
inexpensive, non-food competition, high boiling point, and viscosity, tremendous
ability as a renewable bio-based synthetic product which are environmental friendly
[4, 11]. Castor oil is mostly produced in India, Africa, South America, Brazil, China.
India leads the world in the production and export of castor oil and in India the
major states producing castor seed in Gujarat, followed by Andhra Pradesh and
Rajasthan. India is delivering castor oil total world production is about 85%, which
estimated at about US$ 1.2 billion per annum and although the leading importer is
the United States, the European Union, Japan, Brazil, and China [5, 12, 13].
4 Extraction and Refining
Extraction of castor oil from the castor seeds from a combination of processes, such
as solvent extraction, and mechanical pressing [3, 14]. Before the extraction process, the castor beans will be subjected to many processess in the direction of preparing for extraction. In the clearing process, foreign materials and dirt are removed
from the castor bean. In the process drying, the castor beans are dried at a temperature at 60 °C for few hours for the outermost covering breaks, and the beans are
sheds. During the winnowing process, castor seeds shell is removed nibs to take off
the covering and to get the large amount of yield; and throughout grinding process,
the castor seeds are crushed to form a paste (cake) softening or cracking the cell
walls to allow castor fat for extraction [3, 14] (Fig. 2). The mechanical pressing
approach is preferred over the solvent extraction system because it requires low
costs, lower investments, and its offers better environmental protection. The disadvantages of mechanical pressing are only extract on about 45–55% of oil and the
remaining oil in the cake extracted by solvent extraction which increases the work
and extraction expenses which make the operation environmentally unfriendly.
Generally castor seeds, on average containing 45–55% by weight of oil depending
on the size, geographic position, and extraction process [3, 4].
Castor oil extract from then beans contains some amount of free fat, unsaturated
fats, hydrocarbons, toxic proteins, gums, foreign matter, soil matter, mono- and
diacylglycerols, and other contaminants that are removed by the refining process.
Removal of impurities such as free fatty acid, colloidal, and colouring matter by two
processes in the refining process via chemical and physical refining process. Using
procedures like settling, and filtration is used in the standard refining method for the
S. Dhanuskar et al.
surface shades of light brown with shades of dark brown. The castor seeds are
unsafe, so intake of the seeds can cause abdominal, vomiting and human-mortal
diarrhea pain [9, 10]. Castor plants are perennial and fast-growing plant around
10–12 m high but grow steadily smaller around 1–3 m annually in the temperate
region. The stem of the plant is hollow, and light green often tinged with red and
leaves are huge, bright reddish-brown color of vein. During summer, blossoms are
always reddish-green and kept in a bundle at the ends of the branches [3].
Castor is an oil plant is non-edible and has large number properties. Over the past
decade, castor oil production has increased drastically due to ease of accessibility,
inexpensive, non-food competition, high boiling point, and viscosity, tremendous
ability as a renewable bio-based synthetic product which are environmental friendly
[4, 11]. Castor oil is mostly produced in India, Africa, South America, Brazil, China.
India leads the world in the production and export of castor oil and in India the
major states producing castor seed in Gujarat, followed by Andhra Pradesh and
Rajasthan. India is delivering castor oil total world production is about 85%, which
estimated at about US$ 1.2 billion per annum and although the leading importer is
the United States, the European Union, Japan, Brazil, and China [5, 12, 13].
4 Extraction and Refining
Extraction of castor oil from the castor seeds from a combination of processes, such
as solvent extraction, and mechanical pressing [3, 14]. Before the extraction process, the castor beans will be subjected to many processess in the direction of preparing for extraction. In the clearing process, foreign materials and dirt are removed
from the castor bean. In the process drying, the castor beans are dried at a temperature at 60 °C for few hours for the outermost covering breaks, and the beans are
sheds. During the winnowing process, castor seeds shell is removed nibs to take off
the covering and to get the large amount of yield; and throughout grinding process,
the castor seeds are crushed to form a paste (cake) softening or cracking the cell
walls to allow castor fat for extraction [3, 14] (Fig. 2). The mechanical pressing
approach is preferred over the solvent extraction system because it requires low
costs, lower investments, and its offers better environmental protection. The disadvantages of mechanical pressing are only extract on about 45–55% of oil and the
remaining oil in the cake extracted by solvent extraction which increases the work
and extraction expenses which make the operation environmentally unfriendly.
Generally castor seeds, on average containing 45–55% by weight of oil depending
on the size, geographic position, and extraction process [3, 4].
Castor oil extract from then beans contains some amount of free fat, unsaturated
fats, hydrocarbons, toxic proteins, gums, foreign matter, soil matter, mono- and
diacylglycerols, and other contaminants that are removed by the refining process.
Removal of impurities such as free fatty acid, colloidal, and colouring matter by two
processes in the refining process via chemical and physical refining process. Using
procedures like settling, and filtration is used in the standard refining method for the
S. Dhanuskar et al.