178
50. Jonker JGG, Faaij APC (2013) Techno-economic assessment of microalgae as feedstock
for renewable bio-energy production. Appl Energy 102:461–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apenergy.2012.07.053
51. Biller P, Sharma BK, Kunwar B, Ross AB (2015) Hydroprocessing of bio-crude from continuous hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae. Fuel 159(1):197–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
fuel.2015.06.077
52. US Department of Commerce (US DOC) (1982) Heating valued of natural gas and its
components. A technical report by the National Bureau of Standards, Center for Chemical
Physics, Chemical Thermodynamics Division, Washington, DC, USA. https://nvlpubs.nist.
gov/nistpubs/Legacy/IR/nbsir82- 2401.pdf. Accessed 3 Oct 2020
53. Minowa T, Sawayama S (1999) A novel microalgal system for energy production with nitrogen cycling. Fuel 78(10):1213–1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016- 2361(99)00047- 2
54. Tsukahara K, Kimura T, Minowa T, Sawayama S, Yagishita T, Inoue S, Hanaoka T, Usui Y,
Ogi T (2001) Microalgal cultivation in a solution recovered from the low-temperature catalytic gasification of the microalga. J Biosci Bioeng 91(3):311–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S1389- 1723(01)80140- 7
55. Demirbas‚ A (2000) Mechanisms of liquefaction and pyrolysis reactions of biomass. Energ
Conver Manage 41(6):633–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196- 8904(99)00130- 2
56. Anastasakis K, Ross AB (2011) Hydrothermal liquefaction of the brown macro-alga
Laminaria saccharina: effect of reaction conditions on product distribution and composition.
Bioresour Technol 102(7):4876–4883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.031
57. Zhou D, Zhang L, Zhang S, Fu H, Chen J (2010) Hydrothermal liquefaction of macroalgae
Enteromorpha prolifera to bio-oil. Energy Fuel 24(7):4054–4061. https://doi.org/10.1021/
ef100151h
58. Zou S, Wu Y, Yang M, Imdad K, Li C, Junmao T (2010a) Production and characterization
of bio-oil from hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta cake. Energy
35(12):5406–5411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.07.013
59. Zou S, Wu Y, Yang M, Li C, Tong J (2010b) Bio-oil production from sub- and supercritical
water liquefaction of microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta and related properties. Energ Environ
Sci 3(8):1073–1078. https://doi.org/10.1039/C002550J
60. Yu G, Zhang Y, Schideman L, Funk T, Wang Z (2011b) Distributions of carbon and nitrogen
in the products from hydrothermal liquefaction of low-lipid microalgae. Energ Environ Sci
4(11):4587–4595. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1EE01541A
61. Torri C, Garcia Alba L, Samori C, Fabbri D, Brilman DWF (2012) Hydrothermal treatment
(HTT) of microalgae: detailed molecular characterization of HTT oil in view of HTT mechanism elucidation. Energy Fuel 26(1):658–671. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef201417e
62. Bühler W, Dinjus E, Ederer HJ, Kruse A, Mas C (2002) Ionic reactions and pyrolysis of
glycerol as competing reaction pathways in near- and supercritical water. J Supercrit Fluids
22(1):37–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896- 8446(01)00105- X
63. Aysu T, Demirbas A, Bhengu AS, Kücük MM (2015) Evaluation of Eremurus spectabilis for
production of bio-oils with supercritical solvents. Process Saf Environ 94:339–349. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2014.08.005
64. Lehr V, Sarlea M, Ott L, Vogel H (2007) Catalytic dehydration of biomass-derived polyols
in sub- and supercritical water. Catal Today 121(1–2):121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cattod.2006.11.014
65. Rogalinski T, Liu K, Albrecht T, Brunner G (2008) Hydrolysis kinetics of biopolymers in subcritical water. J Supercrit Fluids 46(3):335–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2007.09.037
66. Anastasakis K, Ross AB (2015) Hydrothermal liquefaction of four brown macro-algae commonly found on the UK coasts: an energetic analysis of the process and comparison with biochemical conversion methods. Fuel 139:546–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.006
67. Raikova S, Smith-Baedorf H, Bransgrove R, Barlow O, Santomauro F, Wagner JL, Allen
MJ, Bryan CG, Sapsford D, Chuck CJ (2016) Assessing hydrothermal liquefaction for the
E. P. Resurreccion and S. Kumar
50. Jonker JGG, Faaij APC (2013) Techno-economic assessment of microalgae as feedstock
for renewable bio-energy production. Appl Energy 102:461–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apenergy.2012.07.053
51. Biller P, Sharma BK, Kunwar B, Ross AB (2015) Hydroprocessing of bio-crude from continuous hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae. Fuel 159(1):197–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
fuel.2015.06.077
52. US Department of Commerce (US DOC) (1982) Heating valued of natural gas and its
components. A technical report by the National Bureau of Standards, Center for Chemical
Physics, Chemical Thermodynamics Division, Washington, DC, USA. https://nvlpubs.nist.
gov/nistpubs/Legacy/IR/nbsir82- 2401.pdf. Accessed 3 Oct 2020
53. Minowa T, Sawayama S (1999) A novel microalgal system for energy production with nitrogen cycling. Fuel 78(10):1213–1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016- 2361(99)00047- 2
54. Tsukahara K, Kimura T, Minowa T, Sawayama S, Yagishita T, Inoue S, Hanaoka T, Usui Y,
Ogi T (2001) Microalgal cultivation in a solution recovered from the low-temperature catalytic gasification of the microalga. J Biosci Bioeng 91(3):311–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S1389- 1723(01)80140- 7
55. Demirbas‚ A (2000) Mechanisms of liquefaction and pyrolysis reactions of biomass. Energ
Conver Manage 41(6):633–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196- 8904(99)00130- 2
56. Anastasakis K, Ross AB (2011) Hydrothermal liquefaction of the brown macro-alga
Laminaria saccharina: effect of reaction conditions on product distribution and composition.
Bioresour Technol 102(7):4876–4883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.031
57. Zhou D, Zhang L, Zhang S, Fu H, Chen J (2010) Hydrothermal liquefaction of macroalgae
Enteromorpha prolifera to bio-oil. Energy Fuel 24(7):4054–4061. https://doi.org/10.1021/
ef100151h
58. Zou S, Wu Y, Yang M, Imdad K, Li C, Junmao T (2010a) Production and characterization
of bio-oil from hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta cake. Energy
35(12):5406–5411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.07.013
59. Zou S, Wu Y, Yang M, Li C, Tong J (2010b) Bio-oil production from sub- and supercritical
water liquefaction of microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta and related properties. Energ Environ
Sci 3(8):1073–1078. https://doi.org/10.1039/C002550J
60. Yu G, Zhang Y, Schideman L, Funk T, Wang Z (2011b) Distributions of carbon and nitrogen
in the products from hydrothermal liquefaction of low-lipid microalgae. Energ Environ Sci
4(11):4587–4595. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1EE01541A
61. Torri C, Garcia Alba L, Samori C, Fabbri D, Brilman DWF (2012) Hydrothermal treatment
(HTT) of microalgae: detailed molecular characterization of HTT oil in view of HTT mechanism elucidation. Energy Fuel 26(1):658–671. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef201417e
62. Bühler W, Dinjus E, Ederer HJ, Kruse A, Mas C (2002) Ionic reactions and pyrolysis of
glycerol as competing reaction pathways in near- and supercritical water. J Supercrit Fluids
22(1):37–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896- 8446(01)00105- X
63. Aysu T, Demirbas A, Bhengu AS, Kücük MM (2015) Evaluation of Eremurus spectabilis for
production of bio-oils with supercritical solvents. Process Saf Environ 94:339–349. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2014.08.005
64. Lehr V, Sarlea M, Ott L, Vogel H (2007) Catalytic dehydration of biomass-derived polyols
in sub- and supercritical water. Catal Today 121(1–2):121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cattod.2006.11.014
65. Rogalinski T, Liu K, Albrecht T, Brunner G (2008) Hydrolysis kinetics of biopolymers in subcritical water. J Supercrit Fluids 46(3):335–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2007.09.037
66. Anastasakis K, Ross AB (2015) Hydrothermal liquefaction of four brown macro-algae commonly found on the UK coasts: an energetic analysis of the process and comparison with biochemical conversion methods. Fuel 139:546–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.006
67. Raikova S, Smith-Baedorf H, Bransgrove R, Barlow O, Santomauro F, Wagner JL, Allen
MJ, Bryan CG, Sapsford D, Chuck CJ (2016) Assessing hydrothermal liquefaction for the
E. P. Resurreccion and S. Kumar