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32. Guo Y, Yeh T, Song W, Xu D, Wang S (2015b) A review of bio-oil production from hydrothermal liquefaction of algae. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 48:776–790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
rser.2015.04.049
33. Kumar S, Gupta RB (2008) Hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose in subcritical and supercritical water in a continuous flow reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 47(23):9321–9329. https://doi.
org/10.1021/ie801102j
34. Yu G, Zhang Y, Schideman L, Funk TL, Wang W (2011a) Hydrothermal liquefaction of
low lipid content microalgae into bio-crude oil. Trans ASABE 54(1):239–246. https://doi.
org/10.13031/2013.36241
35. Xu D, Lin G, Guo S, Wang S, Guo Y, Jing Z (2018) Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of
algae and upgrading of biocrude: a critical review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 97:103–118.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.08.042
36. García Alba L, Torri C, Samori C, van der Spek J, Fabbri D, Kersten SRA, Brilman WF
(2012) Hydrothermal treatment (HTT) of microalgae: evaluation of the process as conversion
method in an algae biorefinery concept. Energy Fuel 26(1):642–657. https://doi.org/10.1021/
ef201415s
37. Dote Y, Sawayama S, Inoue S, Minowa T, Yokoyama S-y (1994) Recovery of liquid fuel
from hydrocarbon-rich microalgae by thermochemical liquefaction. Fuel 73(12):1855–1857.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016- 2361(94)90211- 9
38. Brown TM, Duan P, Savage PE (2010) Hydrothermal liquefaction and gasification of
Nannochloropsis sp. Energy Fuel 24(6):3639–3646. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef100203u
39. Biller P, Ross AB (2011) Potential yields and properties of oil from the hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae with different biochemical content. Bioresour Technol 102(1):215 225.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.028
40. Jena U, Das KC, Kastner JR (2011) Effect of operating conditions of thermochemical liquefaction on biocrude production from Spirulina platensis. Bioresour Technol 102(10):6221–6229.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.057
41. Duan P, Savage PE (2011a) Hydrothermal liquefaction of a microalgae with heterogeneous
catalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res 50(1):52–61. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie100758s
42. Xu L, Brilman DWF, Withag JAM, Brem G, Kersten SRA (2011) Assessment of a dry and a
wet route for the production of biofuels from microalgae: energy balance analysis. Bioresour
Technol 102(8):5113–5122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.066
43. Mata TM, Martins AA, Caetano NS (2010) Microalgae for biodiesel production and other
applications: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14(1):217–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
rser.2009.07.020
44. Patil V, Tran K-Q, Giselrød HR (2008) Towards sustainable production of biofuels from
microalgae. Int J Mol Sci 9(7):1188–1195. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms9071188
45. Jena U, Das KC (2011) Comparative evaluation of thermochemical liquefaction and pyrolysis for bio-oil production from microalgae. Energy Fuel 25(11):5472–5482. https://doi.
org/10.1021/ef201373m
46. Ross AB, Biller P, Hall C (2010a) Catalytic hydrothermal processing of microalgae with
integrated nutrient recycling. In: Proceedings of the 19th European biomass conference and
exhibition, 06/06–10/2011, Berlin, Germany
47. Quinn JC, Smith TG, Downes CM, Quinn C (2014) Microalgae to biofuels lifecycle
assessment—multiple pathway evaluation. Algal Res 4:116–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
algal.2013.11.002
48. Zhang Y, Colosi LM (2013) Practical ambiguities during calculation of energy ratios and
their impacts on life cycle assessment calculations. Energy Policy 57:630–633. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.02.039
49. Minowa T, Yokoyama S, Kishimoto M, Okakura T (1995) Oil production from algal cells
of Dunaliella tertiolecta by direct thermochemical liquefaction. Fuel 74(12):1735–1738.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016- 2361(95)80001- X
Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalgae
32. Guo Y, Yeh T, Song W, Xu D, Wang S (2015b) A review of bio-oil production from hydrothermal liquefaction of algae. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 48:776–790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
rser.2015.04.049
33. Kumar S, Gupta RB (2008) Hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose in subcritical and supercritical water in a continuous flow reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 47(23):9321–9329. https://doi.
org/10.1021/ie801102j
34. Yu G, Zhang Y, Schideman L, Funk TL, Wang W (2011a) Hydrothermal liquefaction of
low lipid content microalgae into bio-crude oil. Trans ASABE 54(1):239–246. https://doi.
org/10.13031/2013.36241
35. Xu D, Lin G, Guo S, Wang S, Guo Y, Jing Z (2018) Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of
algae and upgrading of biocrude: a critical review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 97:103–118.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.08.042
36. García Alba L, Torri C, Samori C, van der Spek J, Fabbri D, Kersten SRA, Brilman WF
(2012) Hydrothermal treatment (HTT) of microalgae: evaluation of the process as conversion
method in an algae biorefinery concept. Energy Fuel 26(1):642–657. https://doi.org/10.1021/
ef201415s
37. Dote Y, Sawayama S, Inoue S, Minowa T, Yokoyama S-y (1994) Recovery of liquid fuel
from hydrocarbon-rich microalgae by thermochemical liquefaction. Fuel 73(12):1855–1857.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016- 2361(94)90211- 9
38. Brown TM, Duan P, Savage PE (2010) Hydrothermal liquefaction and gasification of
Nannochloropsis sp. Energy Fuel 24(6):3639–3646. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef100203u
39. Biller P, Ross AB (2011) Potential yields and properties of oil from the hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae with different biochemical content. Bioresour Technol 102(1):215 225.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.028
40. Jena U, Das KC, Kastner JR (2011) Effect of operating conditions of thermochemical liquefaction on biocrude production from Spirulina platensis. Bioresour Technol 102(10):6221–6229.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.057
41. Duan P, Savage PE (2011a) Hydrothermal liquefaction of a microalgae with heterogeneous
catalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res 50(1):52–61. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie100758s
42. Xu L, Brilman DWF, Withag JAM, Brem G, Kersten SRA (2011) Assessment of a dry and a
wet route for the production of biofuels from microalgae: energy balance analysis. Bioresour
Technol 102(8):5113–5122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.066
43. Mata TM, Martins AA, Caetano NS (2010) Microalgae for biodiesel production and other
applications: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14(1):217–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
rser.2009.07.020
44. Patil V, Tran K-Q, Giselrød HR (2008) Towards sustainable production of biofuels from
microalgae. Int J Mol Sci 9(7):1188–1195. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms9071188
45. Jena U, Das KC (2011) Comparative evaluation of thermochemical liquefaction and pyrolysis for bio-oil production from microalgae. Energy Fuel 25(11):5472–5482. https://doi.
org/10.1021/ef201373m
46. Ross AB, Biller P, Hall C (2010a) Catalytic hydrothermal processing of microalgae with
integrated nutrient recycling. In: Proceedings of the 19th European biomass conference and
exhibition, 06/06–10/2011, Berlin, Germany
47. Quinn JC, Smith TG, Downes CM, Quinn C (2014) Microalgae to biofuels lifecycle
assessment—multiple pathway evaluation. Algal Res 4:116–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
algal.2013.11.002
48. Zhang Y, Colosi LM (2013) Practical ambiguities during calculation of energy ratios and
their impacts on life cycle assessment calculations. Energy Policy 57:630–633. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.02.039
49. Minowa T, Yokoyama S, Kishimoto M, Okakura T (1995) Oil production from algal cells
of Dunaliella tertiolecta by direct thermochemical liquefaction. Fuel 74(12):1735–1738.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016- 2361(95)80001- X
Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalgae