132
biomass into fossil fuels, especially petroleum-based materials can cause disturbance in carbon dioxide levels in the ecosystem (producing more carbon dioxide
than conversion into fossil fuels) and is not managed usefully, which can be harmful
to the environment. This imbalance can be restored using renewable resources such
as biomass for the synthesis of polymer. By doing this, carbon dioxide renewed
equals consumption, which makes it sustainable. Many materials are reported every
year, which have a shallow impact on the environment. It is justified that the production of eco-friendly and sustainable polyamides from the biomass has become
famous for the economic and biological point of view. With the consumption rate in
the world market, the production of polyamide is also growing. The bio-based materials not only are reusable but are suitable for the ecosystem, which minimize plastic
waste and are highly energy-efficient and biodegradable. Also, non-biodegradable
polyamides can be made biodegradable if suitable microorganisms are found for the
degradation of the polyamide. However, finding suitable microorganisms does not
ensure that such a polymer will become susceptible to organic recycling or will
degrade in the environment.
References
1. Chamas A, Moon H, Zheng J, Qiu Y, Tabassum T, Jang JH, Omar MA, Scott SL, Suh S (2020)
Degradation rates of plastics in the environment. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8(9):3494–3511.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635
2. Agarwal S (2020) Biodegradable polymers: present opportunities and challenges in providing
a microplastic-free environment. Macromol Chem Phys 221:2000017. https://doi.org/10.1002/
macp.202000017
3. Mülhaupt R (2013) Green polymer chemistry and bio-based plastics: dreams and reality.
Macromol Chem Phys 214:159–174. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201200439
4. Rydz J, Sikorska W, Kyulavska M, Christova D (2015) Polyester-based (bio) degradable
polymers as environmentally friendly materials for sustainable development. Int J Mol Sci
16(1):564–596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16010564
5. McKeown P, Kamran M, Davidson MG, Jones MD, Román-Ramírez LA, Wood J (2020)
Organocatalysis for versatile polymer degradation. Green Chem 22:3721–3726. https://doi.
org/10.1039/D0GC01252A
6. Ali MA, Kaneko T (2019) Syntheses of aromatic/heterocyclic derived bioplastics with
high thermal/mechanical performance. Ind Eng Chem Res 58:15958–15974. https://doi.
org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00830
7. Iwata T (2015) Biodegradable and bio-based polymers: future prospects of eco-friendly plastics. Angew Chem Int Ed 54:3210–3215. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201410770
8. Leja K, Lewandowicz G (2010) Polymer biodegradation and biodegradable polymers—a
review. Polish J Environ Stud 19(2):255–266
9. Rudnik E (2013) Compostable polymer materials: definitions, structures, and methods of
preparation. In: Handbook of biopolymers and biodegradable plastics, pp 189–211. https://
doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045371-2.50004-4
10. Rydz J, Sikorska W, Kyulavska M, Christova D (2015) Int J Mol Sci 16:564–596. https://doi.
org/10.3390/ijms16010564
11. Tsui A, Wright ZC, Frank CW (2013) Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 4:143–170. https://doi.
org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061312-103323
M. A. Ali et al.
biomass into fossil fuels, especially petroleum-based materials can cause disturbance in carbon dioxide levels in the ecosystem (producing more carbon dioxide
than conversion into fossil fuels) and is not managed usefully, which can be harmful
to the environment. This imbalance can be restored using renewable resources such
as biomass for the synthesis of polymer. By doing this, carbon dioxide renewed
equals consumption, which makes it sustainable. Many materials are reported every
year, which have a shallow impact on the environment. It is justified that the production of eco-friendly and sustainable polyamides from the biomass has become
famous for the economic and biological point of view. With the consumption rate in
the world market, the production of polyamide is also growing. The bio-based materials not only are reusable but are suitable for the ecosystem, which minimize plastic
waste and are highly energy-efficient and biodegradable. Also, non-biodegradable
polyamides can be made biodegradable if suitable microorganisms are found for the
degradation of the polyamide. However, finding suitable microorganisms does not
ensure that such a polymer will become susceptible to organic recycling or will
degrade in the environment.
References
1. Chamas A, Moon H, Zheng J, Qiu Y, Tabassum T, Jang JH, Omar MA, Scott SL, Suh S (2020)
Degradation rates of plastics in the environment. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8(9):3494–3511.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635
2. Agarwal S (2020) Biodegradable polymers: present opportunities and challenges in providing
a microplastic-free environment. Macromol Chem Phys 221:2000017. https://doi.org/10.1002/
macp.202000017
3. Mülhaupt R (2013) Green polymer chemistry and bio-based plastics: dreams and reality.
Macromol Chem Phys 214:159–174. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201200439
4. Rydz J, Sikorska W, Kyulavska M, Christova D (2015) Polyester-based (bio) degradable
polymers as environmentally friendly materials for sustainable development. Int J Mol Sci
16(1):564–596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16010564
5. McKeown P, Kamran M, Davidson MG, Jones MD, Román-Ramírez LA, Wood J (2020)
Organocatalysis for versatile polymer degradation. Green Chem 22:3721–3726. https://doi.
org/10.1039/D0GC01252A
6. Ali MA, Kaneko T (2019) Syntheses of aromatic/heterocyclic derived bioplastics with
high thermal/mechanical performance. Ind Eng Chem Res 58:15958–15974. https://doi.
org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00830
7. Iwata T (2015) Biodegradable and bio-based polymers: future prospects of eco-friendly plastics. Angew Chem Int Ed 54:3210–3215. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201410770
8. Leja K, Lewandowicz G (2010) Polymer biodegradation and biodegradable polymers—a
review. Polish J Environ Stud 19(2):255–266
9. Rudnik E (2013) Compostable polymer materials: definitions, structures, and methods of
preparation. In: Handbook of biopolymers and biodegradable plastics, pp 189–211. https://
doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045371-2.50004-4
10. Rydz J, Sikorska W, Kyulavska M, Christova D (2015) Int J Mol Sci 16:564–596. https://doi.
org/10.3390/ijms16010564
11. Tsui A, Wright ZC, Frank CW (2013) Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 4:143–170. https://doi.
org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061312-103323
M. A. Ali et al.