105
none of the reported approaches are commercially practiced to date. Future research
should focus on strain development by genetic engineering to improve the final titer
of vinyl monomers. The development of solid-state fermentation is another promising direction to reduce production cost. In order to reduce the production cost and
mitigate competition with food values, it is also essential to use cheaper, alternative
feedstocks such as lignocellulosic biomass and glycerol.
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS) for the
financial support through the programs P2-0152 and N2-0075.
References
1. Matar S, Hatch LF (2001) Chemistry of petrochemical processes. Elsevier, Amsterdam
2. Hillmyer MA (2017) The promise of plastics from plants. Science 358(6365):868–870
3. Deneyer A, Peeters E, Renders T, Van den Bosch S, Van Oeckel N, Ennaert T, Szarvas T,
Korányi TI, Dusselier M, Sels BF (2018) Direct upstream integration of biogasoline production into current light straight run naphtha petrorefinery processes. Nat Energy 3(11):969
4. Mika LT, Csefalvay E, Nemeth A (2017) Catalytic conversion of carbohydrates to initial
platform chemicals: chemistry and sustainability. Chem Rev 118(2):505–613
5. Sikarwar VS, Zhao M, Clough P, Yao J, Zhong X, Memon MZ, Shah N, Anthony EJ,
Fennell PS (2016) An overview of advances in biomass gasification. Energ Environ Sci
9(10):2939–2977
6. Bohre A, Dutta S, Saha B, Abu-Omar MM (2015) Upgrading furfurals to drop-in biofuels: an
overview. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3(7):1263–1277
7. Yu AZ, Serum EM, Renner AC, Sahouani JM, Sibi MP, Webster DC (2018) Renewable
reactive diluents as practical styrene replacements in biobased vinyl Ester thermosets. ACS
Sustain Chem Eng 6(10):12586–12592
8. Satoh K (2015) Controlled/living polymerization of renewable vinyl monomers into biobased polymers. Polym J 47:527
9. Kumar S, Krishnan S, Samal SK, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2017) Itaconic acid used as a versatile building block for the synthesis of renewable resource-based resins and polyesters for
future prospective: a review. Polym Int 66(10):1349–1363
10. Bafana R, Pandey RA (2018) New approaches for itaconic acid production: bottlenecks and
possible remedies. Crit Rev Biotechnol 38(1):68–82
11. Cunha da Cruz J, Machado de Castro A, Camporese Sérvulo EF (2018) World market and
biotechnological production of itaconic acid. 3 Biotech 8(3):138
12. Hajian H, Yusoff WMW (2015) Itaconic acid production by microorganisms: a review. Curr
Res J Biol Sci 7(2):37–42
13. Paolo CG (1962) Process for preparing itaconic acid, and 2, 3-butadienoic acid. US 3025320A
14. Robert T, Friebel S (2016) Itaconic acid—a versatile building block for renewable polyesters
with enhanced functionality. Green Chem 18(10):2922–2934
15. Durant Y, Cao M, Chirat M (2011) Polycarboxylic acid polymers. Google Patents
16. Kuenz A, Gallenmüller Y, Willke T, Vorlop K-D (2012) Microbial production of itaconic acid:
developing a stable platform for high product concentrations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol
96(5):1209–1216
17. Nuss P, Gardner KH (2013) Attributional life cycle assessment (ALCA) of polyitaconic acid
production from northeast US softwood biomass. Int J Life Cycle Assess 18(3):603–612
18. El-Imam AA, Du C (2014) Fermentative itaconic acid production. J Biodivers Biopros Dev
1(1):1–8
Bio-Catalytic Itaconic Acid and Bio-Based Vinyl Monomer Production Processes
none of the reported approaches are commercially practiced to date. Future research
should focus on strain development by genetic engineering to improve the final titer
of vinyl monomers. The development of solid-state fermentation is another promising direction to reduce production cost. In order to reduce the production cost and
mitigate competition with food values, it is also essential to use cheaper, alternative
feedstocks such as lignocellulosic biomass and glycerol.
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS) for the
financial support through the programs P2-0152 and N2-0075.
References
1. Matar S, Hatch LF (2001) Chemistry of petrochemical processes. Elsevier, Amsterdam
2. Hillmyer MA (2017) The promise of plastics from plants. Science 358(6365):868–870
3. Deneyer A, Peeters E, Renders T, Van den Bosch S, Van Oeckel N, Ennaert T, Szarvas T,
Korányi TI, Dusselier M, Sels BF (2018) Direct upstream integration of biogasoline production into current light straight run naphtha petrorefinery processes. Nat Energy 3(11):969
4. Mika LT, Csefalvay E, Nemeth A (2017) Catalytic conversion of carbohydrates to initial
platform chemicals: chemistry and sustainability. Chem Rev 118(2):505–613
5. Sikarwar VS, Zhao M, Clough P, Yao J, Zhong X, Memon MZ, Shah N, Anthony EJ,
Fennell PS (2016) An overview of advances in biomass gasification. Energ Environ Sci
9(10):2939–2977
6. Bohre A, Dutta S, Saha B, Abu-Omar MM (2015) Upgrading furfurals to drop-in biofuels: an
overview. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3(7):1263–1277
7. Yu AZ, Serum EM, Renner AC, Sahouani JM, Sibi MP, Webster DC (2018) Renewable
reactive diluents as practical styrene replacements in biobased vinyl Ester thermosets. ACS
Sustain Chem Eng 6(10):12586–12592
8. Satoh K (2015) Controlled/living polymerization of renewable vinyl monomers into biobased polymers. Polym J 47:527
9. Kumar S, Krishnan S, Samal SK, Mohanty S, Nayak SK (2017) Itaconic acid used as a versatile building block for the synthesis of renewable resource-based resins and polyesters for
future prospective: a review. Polym Int 66(10):1349–1363
10. Bafana R, Pandey RA (2018) New approaches for itaconic acid production: bottlenecks and
possible remedies. Crit Rev Biotechnol 38(1):68–82
11. Cunha da Cruz J, Machado de Castro A, Camporese Sérvulo EF (2018) World market and
biotechnological production of itaconic acid. 3 Biotech 8(3):138
12. Hajian H, Yusoff WMW (2015) Itaconic acid production by microorganisms: a review. Curr
Res J Biol Sci 7(2):37–42
13. Paolo CG (1962) Process for preparing itaconic acid, and 2, 3-butadienoic acid. US 3025320A
14. Robert T, Friebel S (2016) Itaconic acid—a versatile building block for renewable polyesters
with enhanced functionality. Green Chem 18(10):2922–2934
15. Durant Y, Cao M, Chirat M (2011) Polycarboxylic acid polymers. Google Patents
16. Kuenz A, Gallenmüller Y, Willke T, Vorlop K-D (2012) Microbial production of itaconic acid:
developing a stable platform for high product concentrations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol
96(5):1209–1216
17. Nuss P, Gardner KH (2013) Attributional life cycle assessment (ALCA) of polyitaconic acid
production from northeast US softwood biomass. Int J Life Cycle Assess 18(3):603–612
18. El-Imam AA, Du C (2014) Fermentative itaconic acid production. J Biodivers Biopros Dev
1(1):1–8
Bio-Catalytic Itaconic Acid and Bio-Based Vinyl Monomer Production Processes