De Boer, A. M., & Hogg, A. M. C. (2014). Control of the glacial
carbon budget by topographically induced mixing. Geophysical
Research Letters, 41. doi:10.1002/2014GL059963.
Delmas, R., Ascencio, J. M., & Legrand, M. (1980). Polar ice evidence
that atmospheric CO 2 20,000 year BP was 50% of present. Nature,
284, 155–157.
Emeis, K.-C., Schulz, H., Struck, U., Rossignol-Strick, M., Erlenkeuser, H., Howell, M. W., Kroon, D., Mackensen, A., Ishizuka, S.,
Oba, T., Sakamoto, T., & Koizumi, I. (2003). Eastern Mediterranean surface water temperatures and 18 O composition during
deposition of sapropels in the late Quaternary. Paleoceanography,
18(1), n/a–n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000pa000617.
EPICA Community Members. (2004). Eight glacial cycles from an
Antarctic ice core. Nature, 429, 623–628. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nature02599.
EPICA Community Members. (2006). One-to-one coupling of glacial
climate variability in Greenland and Antarctica. Nature, 444(7116),
195–198. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05301.
Ezat, M. M., Rasmussen, T. L., Hönisch, B., Groeneveld, J., &
deMenocal, P. (2017). Episodic release of CO 2 from the
high-latitude North Atlantic Ocean during the last 135 kyr. Nature
Communications, 8, 14498.
Ferrari, R., Jansen, M. F., Adkins, J. F., Burke, A., Stewart, A. L., &
Thompson, A. F. (2014). Antarctic sea ice control on ocean
circulation in present and glacial climates. PNAS, 111(24), 8753–
8758. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323922111.
Fischer, H., Schmitt, J., Lüthi, D., Stocker, T. F., Tschumi, T., Parekh,
P., et al. (2010). The role of Southern Ocean processes on orbital
and millennial CO 2 variations—A synthesis. Quaternary Science
Reviews, 29(1–2), 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.
2009.06.007.
Flückiger, J., Blunier, T., Stauffer, B., Chappellaz, J., Spahni, R.,
Kawamura, K., Schwander, J., Stocker, T. F., & Dahl‐Jensen D.
(2004). N 2 O and CH 4 variations during the last glacial epoch:
Insight into global processes. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 18,
GB1020. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gb002122.
Garcia, H. E., Locarnini, R. A., Boyer, T. P., Antonov, J. I., Baranova,
O. K., Zweng, M. M., & Johnson, D. R. (2010). World Ocean Atlas
2009, Volume 3: Dissolved oxygen, apparent oxygen utilization,
and oxygen saturation. In: S. Levitus (Ed.), NOAA Atlas NESDIS
70, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 344 pp.
Gersonde, R., Crosta, X., Abelmann, A., & Armand, L. (2005).
Sea-surface temperature and sea ice distribution of the Southern
Ocean at the EPILOG Last Glacial Maximum—A circum-Antarctic
view based on siliceous microfossil records. Quat. Sci. Rev., 24,
869–896.
Goosse, H., Roche, D. M., Mairesse, A., & Berger, M. (2013).
Modeling past sea ice changes. Quaternary Science Reviews, 79,
191–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.03.011.
Gottschalk, J., Skinner, L. C., Lippold, J., Vogel, H., Frank, N.,
Jaccard, S. L., et al. (2016). Biological and physical controls in the
Southern Ocean on past millennial-scale atmospheric CO 2 changes.
Nature Communications, 7, 11539.
Grant, K. M., Rohling, E. J., Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A.,
Medina-Elizalde, M., Bronk Ramsey, C., et al. (2012). Rapid
coupling between ice volume and polar temperature over the past
150 kyr. Nature, 491, 744–747.
Grimm, R., Maier-Reimer, E., Mikolajewicz, U., Schmiedl, G.,
Müller-Navarra, K., Adloff, F., Grant, K. M., Ziegler, M., Lourens,
L. J., & Emeis, K.-C. (2015). Late glacial initiation of Holocene
eastern Mediterranean sapropel formation. Nature Communications,
6(7099), 12 pp. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8099.
Hamon, N., Sepulchre, P., Lefebvre, V., & Ramstein, G. (2013). The
role of eastern Tethys seaway closure in the Middle Miocene
Climatic Transition (ca. 14 Ma). Climate of the Past, 9(6), 2687–
2702. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2687-2013.
Harrison, S. P., Yu, G., Takahara, H., & Prentice, I. C. (2001).
Palaeovegetation—Diversity of temperate plants in east Asia.
Nature, 413, 129–130.
Hemleben, C., Hoernle, K., Jørgensen, B. B., & Roether, W. (2003).
Ostatlantik-Mittelmeer- Schwarzes Meer, Cruise 51, 12 September–
28 December 2001. Meteor Ber. 03-1, 213 pp.
Hemming, S. R. (2004). Heinrich events: Massive late Pleistocene
detritus layers of the North Atlantic and their global climate imprint.
Reviews of Geophysics, 42, RG1005. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2003rg000128.
Heinrich, H. (1988). Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in
the Northeast Atlantic Ocean during the past 130,000 years.
Quaternary Research, 29(2), 142–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/
0033-5894(88)90057-9.
Hesse, T., Butzin, M., Bickert, T., & Lohmann, G. (2011).
A model-data comparison of d
13
C in the glacial Atlantic Ocean.
Paleoceanography,
26,
PA3220.
https://doi.org/10.1029/
2010pa002085.
Holland, H. D. (1994). Early Life on Earth. In S. Bengston (Ed.)
(pp. 237–244). New York: Columbia University Press.
Jaccard, S. L., & Galbraith, E. D. (2011). Large climate-driven changes
of oceanic oxygen concentrations during the last deglaciation.
Nature Geoscience, 5, 151–156.
Jaccard, S. L., & Galbraith, E. D. (2012). Large climate-driven changes
of oceanic oxygen concentrations during the last deglaciation.
Nature Geoscience, 5, 151–156.
Jaccard, S., Galbraith, E., Frölicher, T., & Gruber, N. (2014). Ocean
(de)oxygenation across the last deglaciation: Insights for the future.
Oceanography, 27, 26–35.
Jickells, T. D., An, Z. S., Andersen, K. K., Baker, A. R., Bergametti,
G., Brooks, N., et al. (2005). Global iron connections between
desert dust, ocean biogeochemistry, and climate. Science, 308, 67.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1105959.
Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Cattani, O., Dreyfus, G., Falourd, S.,
Hoffmann, G., et al. (2007). Orbital and Millennial Antarctic
climate variability over the past 800,000 years. Science, 317(5839),
793–797.
Kaplan, J. O., Folberth, G., & Hauglustaine, D. A. (2006). Role of
methane and biogenic volatile organic compound sources in late
glacial and Holocene fluctuations of atmospheric methane concentrations. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20, GB2016. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2005gb002590.
Kohfeld, K. E., & Harrison, S. P. (2001). DIRTMAP: The geological
record of dust. Earth-Science Reviews, 54, 81–114. https://doi.org/
10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00042-3.
Kohfeld, K. E., Quéré, C. L., Harrison, S. P., & Anderson, R. F. (2005).
Role of marine biology in glacial-interglacial CO 2 cycles. Science,
308, 74–78.
Kohfeld, K. E., Graham, R. M., de Boer, A. M., Sime, L. C., Wolff, E.
W., Le Quéré, C., et al. (2013). Southern Hemisphere westerly wind
changes during the Last Glacial Maximum: Paleo-data synthesis.
Quaternary Science Reviews, 68, 76–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
quascirev.2013.01.017.
Köhler, P., Knorr, G., & Bard, E. (2014). Permafrost thawing as a
possible source of abrupt carbon release at the onset of the
Bølling/Allerød. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/
ncomms6520.
Köng, E., Zaragosi, S., Schneider, J. L., Garlan, T., Bachèlery, P.,
Sabine, M., et al. (2017). Gravity-driven deposits in an active
margin (Ionian Sea) over the last 330,000 years. Geochemistry,
Geophysics, Geosystems, 18(11), 4186–4210. https://doi.org/10.
1002/2017GC006950.
23 Biogeochemical Cycles and Aerosols Over the Last Million Years
297
carbon budget by topographically induced mixing. Geophysical
Research Letters, 41. doi:10.1002/2014GL059963.
Delmas, R., Ascencio, J. M., & Legrand, M. (1980). Polar ice evidence
that atmospheric CO 2 20,000 year BP was 50% of present. Nature,
284, 155–157.
Emeis, K.-C., Schulz, H., Struck, U., Rossignol-Strick, M., Erlenkeuser, H., Howell, M. W., Kroon, D., Mackensen, A., Ishizuka, S.,
Oba, T., Sakamoto, T., & Koizumi, I. (2003). Eastern Mediterranean surface water temperatures and 18 O composition during
deposition of sapropels in the late Quaternary. Paleoceanography,
18(1), n/a–n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000pa000617.
EPICA Community Members. (2004). Eight glacial cycles from an
Antarctic ice core. Nature, 429, 623–628. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nature02599.
EPICA Community Members. (2006). One-to-one coupling of glacial
climate variability in Greenland and Antarctica. Nature, 444(7116),
195–198. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05301.
Ezat, M. M., Rasmussen, T. L., Hönisch, B., Groeneveld, J., &
deMenocal, P. (2017). Episodic release of CO 2 from the
high-latitude North Atlantic Ocean during the last 135 kyr. Nature
Communications, 8, 14498.
Ferrari, R., Jansen, M. F., Adkins, J. F., Burke, A., Stewart, A. L., &
Thompson, A. F. (2014). Antarctic sea ice control on ocean
circulation in present and glacial climates. PNAS, 111(24), 8753–
8758. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323922111.
Fischer, H., Schmitt, J., Lüthi, D., Stocker, T. F., Tschumi, T., Parekh,
P., et al. (2010). The role of Southern Ocean processes on orbital
and millennial CO 2 variations—A synthesis. Quaternary Science
Reviews, 29(1–2), 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.
2009.06.007.
Flückiger, J., Blunier, T., Stauffer, B., Chappellaz, J., Spahni, R.,
Kawamura, K., Schwander, J., Stocker, T. F., & Dahl‐Jensen D.
(2004). N 2 O and CH 4 variations during the last glacial epoch:
Insight into global processes. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 18,
GB1020. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gb002122.
Garcia, H. E., Locarnini, R. A., Boyer, T. P., Antonov, J. I., Baranova,
O. K., Zweng, M. M., & Johnson, D. R. (2010). World Ocean Atlas
2009, Volume 3: Dissolved oxygen, apparent oxygen utilization,
and oxygen saturation. In: S. Levitus (Ed.), NOAA Atlas NESDIS
70, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 344 pp.
Gersonde, R., Crosta, X., Abelmann, A., & Armand, L. (2005).
Sea-surface temperature and sea ice distribution of the Southern
Ocean at the EPILOG Last Glacial Maximum—A circum-Antarctic
view based on siliceous microfossil records. Quat. Sci. Rev., 24,
869–896.
Goosse, H., Roche, D. M., Mairesse, A., & Berger, M. (2013).
Modeling past sea ice changes. Quaternary Science Reviews, 79,
191–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.03.011.
Gottschalk, J., Skinner, L. C., Lippold, J., Vogel, H., Frank, N.,
Jaccard, S. L., et al. (2016). Biological and physical controls in the
Southern Ocean on past millennial-scale atmospheric CO 2 changes.
Nature Communications, 7, 11539.
Grant, K. M., Rohling, E. J., Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A.,
Medina-Elizalde, M., Bronk Ramsey, C., et al. (2012). Rapid
coupling between ice volume and polar temperature over the past
150 kyr. Nature, 491, 744–747.
Grimm, R., Maier-Reimer, E., Mikolajewicz, U., Schmiedl, G.,
Müller-Navarra, K., Adloff, F., Grant, K. M., Ziegler, M., Lourens,
L. J., & Emeis, K.-C. (2015). Late glacial initiation of Holocene
eastern Mediterranean sapropel formation. Nature Communications,
6(7099), 12 pp. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8099.
Hamon, N., Sepulchre, P., Lefebvre, V., & Ramstein, G. (2013). The
role of eastern Tethys seaway closure in the Middle Miocene
Climatic Transition (ca. 14 Ma). Climate of the Past, 9(6), 2687–
2702. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2687-2013.
Harrison, S. P., Yu, G., Takahara, H., & Prentice, I. C. (2001).
Palaeovegetation—Diversity of temperate plants in east Asia.
Nature, 413, 129–130.
Hemleben, C., Hoernle, K., Jørgensen, B. B., & Roether, W. (2003).
Ostatlantik-Mittelmeer- Schwarzes Meer, Cruise 51, 12 September–
28 December 2001. Meteor Ber. 03-1, 213 pp.
Hemming, S. R. (2004). Heinrich events: Massive late Pleistocene
detritus layers of the North Atlantic and their global climate imprint.
Reviews of Geophysics, 42, RG1005. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2003rg000128.
Heinrich, H. (1988). Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in
the Northeast Atlantic Ocean during the past 130,000 years.
Quaternary Research, 29(2), 142–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/
0033-5894(88)90057-9.
Hesse, T., Butzin, M., Bickert, T., & Lohmann, G. (2011).
A model-data comparison of d
13
C in the glacial Atlantic Ocean.
Paleoceanography,
26,
PA3220.
https://doi.org/10.1029/
2010pa002085.
Holland, H. D. (1994). Early Life on Earth. In S. Bengston (Ed.)
(pp. 237–244). New York: Columbia University Press.
Jaccard, S. L., & Galbraith, E. D. (2011). Large climate-driven changes
of oceanic oxygen concentrations during the last deglaciation.
Nature Geoscience, 5, 151–156.
Jaccard, S. L., & Galbraith, E. D. (2012). Large climate-driven changes
of oceanic oxygen concentrations during the last deglaciation.
Nature Geoscience, 5, 151–156.
Jaccard, S., Galbraith, E., Frölicher, T., & Gruber, N. (2014). Ocean
(de)oxygenation across the last deglaciation: Insights for the future.
Oceanography, 27, 26–35.
Jickells, T. D., An, Z. S., Andersen, K. K., Baker, A. R., Bergametti,
G., Brooks, N., et al. (2005). Global iron connections between
desert dust, ocean biogeochemistry, and climate. Science, 308, 67.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1105959.
Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Cattani, O., Dreyfus, G., Falourd, S.,
Hoffmann, G., et al. (2007). Orbital and Millennial Antarctic
climate variability over the past 800,000 years. Science, 317(5839),
793–797.
Kaplan, J. O., Folberth, G., & Hauglustaine, D. A. (2006). Role of
methane and biogenic volatile organic compound sources in late
glacial and Holocene fluctuations of atmospheric methane concentrations. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20, GB2016. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2005gb002590.
Kohfeld, K. E., & Harrison, S. P. (2001). DIRTMAP: The geological
record of dust. Earth-Science Reviews, 54, 81–114. https://doi.org/
10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00042-3.
Kohfeld, K. E., Quéré, C. L., Harrison, S. P., & Anderson, R. F. (2005).
Role of marine biology in glacial-interglacial CO 2 cycles. Science,
308, 74–78.
Kohfeld, K. E., Graham, R. M., de Boer, A. M., Sime, L. C., Wolff, E.
W., Le Quéré, C., et al. (2013). Southern Hemisphere westerly wind
changes during the Last Glacial Maximum: Paleo-data synthesis.
Quaternary Science Reviews, 68, 76–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
quascirev.2013.01.017.
Köhler, P., Knorr, G., & Bard, E. (2014). Permafrost thawing as a
possible source of abrupt carbon release at the onset of the
Bølling/Allerød. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/
ncomms6520.
Köng, E., Zaragosi, S., Schneider, J. L., Garlan, T., Bachèlery, P.,
Sabine, M., et al. (2017). Gravity-driven deposits in an active
margin (Ionian Sea) over the last 330,000 years. Geochemistry,
Geophysics, Geosystems, 18(11), 4186–4210. https://doi.org/10.
1002/2017GC006950.
23 Biogeochemical Cycles and Aerosols Over the Last Million Years
297