Matveyeva, N. V., Murray, D. V., McGuire, A. D., Razzhivin, V.
Y., Ritchie, J. C., Smith, B., Walker, D. A., Gajewski, K., Wolf, V.,
Holmqvist, B. H., Igarashi, Y., Kremenetskii, K., Paus, A., Pisaric,
M. F. J., & Vokova, V. S. (2003). Climate change and Arctic
ecosystems I. Vegetation changes north of 55 °N between the Last
Glacial Maximum, mid-Holocene and present. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(D19), 8170.
Bird, M. I., Lloyd, J., & Farquhar, G. D. (1994). Terrestrial carbon
storage at the LGM. Nature, 371, 566.
Blunier, T., Chappellaz, J., Schwander, J., Dällenbach, A., Stauffer, B.,
Stocker, T. F., et al. (1998). Asynchrony of Antarctic and Greenland
climate change during the last glacial period. Nature, 394, 739–743.
Buizert, C., Cuffey, K. M., Severinghaus, J. P., Baggenstos, D., Fudge,
T. J., Steig, E. J., et al. (2015). The WAIS Divide deep ice core
WD2014 chronology—Part 1: Methane synchronization (68–31 ka
BP) and the gas age–ice age difference. Climate of the Past, 11,
153–173. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-153-2015.
Bopp, L., Kohfeld, K. E., Quéré, C. L., & Aumont, O. (2003a). Dust
impact on marinebiota and atmospheric CO 2 during glacial periods.
Paleoceanography, 18(2), 1046.
Bopp, L. O., Aumont, S. Belviso, & Monfray, P. (2003b). Potential
impact of climate change on marine dimethyl sulfide emissions.
Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 55(1), 11–22.
https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v55i1.16359.
Bopp, L., et al. (2013). Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the
21st century: Projections with CMIP5 models. Biogeosciences, 10,
6225–6245. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6225-2013.
Bopp, L., Resplandy, L., Untersee, A., Mezo, P. L., & Kageyama, M.
(2017). Ocean (de)oxygenation from the Last Glacial Maximum to
the twenty-first century: insights from Earth system models.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 375, 20160323.
Boucher, O., Randall, D., Artaxo, P., Bretherton, C., Feingold, G.,
Forster, P., Kerminen, V.-M., Kondo, Y., Liao, H., Lohmann, U.,
Rasch, P., Satheesh, S. K., Sherwood, S., Stevens, B., & Zhang, X.
Y. (2013). Clouds and aerosols. In T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K.
Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V.
Bex, & P. M. Midgley (Eds.), Climate Change 2013: The Physical
Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge
University Press.
Bouttes, N., Roche, D. M., & Paillard, D. (2009). Impact of strong deep
ocean stratification on the glacial carbon cycle. Paleoceanography,
24, PA3203. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008pa001707.
Bouttes, N., Paillard, D., & Roche, D. M. (2010). Impact of
brine-induced stratification on the glacial carbon cycle. Climate of
the Past, 6, 575–589. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-575-2010.
Bouttes, N., Paillard, D., Roche, D. M., Brovkin, V., & Bopp, L.
(2011). Last Glacial Maximum CO 2 and d
13
C successfully reconciled. Geophysical Reseach Letters, 38, L02705. https://doi.org/10.
1029/2010GL044499.
Bouttes, N., Roche, D., & Paillard, D. (2012). Systematic study of the
impact of fresh water fluxes on the glacial carbon cycle. Climate of
the Past, 8, 589–607.
Bouttes, N., Swingedouw, D., Roche, D. M., Sanchez-Goni, M. F., &
Crosta, X. (2018). Response of the carbon cycle in an intermediate
complexity model to the different climate configurations of the last
nine interglacials. Climate of the Past, 14, 239–253. https://doi.org/
10.5194/cp-14-239-2018.
Bozbiyik, A., Steinacher, M., Joos, F., Stocker, T. F., & Menviel, L.
(2011). Fingerprints of changes in the terrestrial carbon cycle in
response to large reorganizations in ocean circulation. Climate of
the Past, 7, 319–338.
Broecker, W. S., & Peng, T.-H. (Eds.). (1982). Tracers in the Sea.
Palisades, New York: Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of
Columbia University.
Brook, E. J., Harder, S., Severinghaus, J., Steig, E. J., & Sucher, C. M.
(2000). On the origin and timing of rapid changes in atmospheric
methane during the last glacial period. Global Biogeochemical
Cycles, 14(2), 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB001182.
Brovkin, V., Ganopolski, A., Archer, D., & Munhoven, G. (2012).
Glacial CO 2 cycle as a succession of key physical and biogeochemical processes. Climate of the Past, 8, 251–264. https://doi.org/
10.5194/cp-8-251-2012.
Carslaw, K. S., Boucher, O., Spracklen, D. V., Mann, G. W., Rae,
J. G. L., Woodward, S., et al. (2010). A review of natural aerosol
interactions and feedbacks within the Earth system. Atmospheric
Chemistry and Physics, 10(4), 1701–1737.
Catling, D. C., & Claire, M. W. (2005). How Earth’s atmosphere
evolved to an oxic state: A status report. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 237, 1–20.
Chappellaz, J., Barnola, J. M., Raynaud, D., Korotkevich, Y. S., &
Lorius, C. (1990). Ice-Core Record of Atmospheric Methane over
the Past 160,000 Years. Nature, 345, 127–131.
Chappellaz, J. A., Fung, I. Y., & Thompson, A. M. (1993). The
atmospheric CH 4 increase since the Last Glacial Maximum. Tellus,
45B, 228–241. 1. Source Estimates.
Chappellaz, J., Brook, E., Blunier, T., & Malaizé, B. (1997). CH 4 and
d
18
O of O 2 records from Antarctic and Greenland ice: A clue for
stratigraphic disturbance in the bottom part of the Greenland Ice
Core Project and the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice cores.
Journal Geophysical Research, 102, 26547–26557.
Charlson, R. J., Lovelock, J. E., Andreae, M. O., & Warren, S. G.
(1987). Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo
and climate. Nature, 326, 655–661.
Ciais, P., Tagliabue, A., Cuntz, M., Bopp, L., Scholze, M., Hoffmann,
G., et al. (2012). Large inert carbon pool in the terrestrial biosphere
during the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature Geoscience, 5, 74–79.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1324.
Clement, A. C., & Peterson, L. C. (2008). Mechanisms of abrupt
climate change of the last glacial period. Reviews of Geophysics, 46,
RG4002. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006rg000204.
Craig, H. (1957). Isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen and
correction factors for massspectrometric analysis of carbon dioxide.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 12, 133–149.
Crichton, K. A., Bouttes, N., Roche, D. R., Chappellaz, J., & Krinner,
G. (2016). Permafrost carbon as a missing link to explain CO 2
changes during the last deglaciation. Nature Geoscience, 9, 683–
686. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2793.
Crowley, T. (1995). Ice age terrestrial carbon changes revisited. Global
Biogeochemical Cycles, 9(3), 377–389.
Crutzen, P. J., & Brühl, C. (1993). A model study of atmospheric
temperatures and the concentrations of ozone, hydroxyl, and some
other photochemically active gases during the glacial, the
pre-industrial Holocene and the present. Geophysical Reseach
Letters, 20(11), 1047–1050.
Curry, W. B., & Oppo, D. W. (2005). Glacial water mass geometry and
the distribution of d
13
C of RCO 2 in the western Atlantic Ocean.
Paleoceanography,
20,
PA1017.
https://doi.org/10.1029/
2004pa001021.
Dahl-Jensen, D. (2018). Drilling for the oldest ice. Nature Geoscience,
11, 703–704.
Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S. J., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D.,
Gundestrup, N. S., Hammer, C. U., et al. (1993). Evidence for
general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record.
Nature, 364, 218–220.
296
N. Bouttes et al.
Y., Ritchie, J. C., Smith, B., Walker, D. A., Gajewski, K., Wolf, V.,
Holmqvist, B. H., Igarashi, Y., Kremenetskii, K., Paus, A., Pisaric,
M. F. J., & Vokova, V. S. (2003). Climate change and Arctic
ecosystems I. Vegetation changes north of 55 °N between the Last
Glacial Maximum, mid-Holocene and present. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(D19), 8170.
Bird, M. I., Lloyd, J., & Farquhar, G. D. (1994). Terrestrial carbon
storage at the LGM. Nature, 371, 566.
Blunier, T., Chappellaz, J., Schwander, J., Dällenbach, A., Stauffer, B.,
Stocker, T. F., et al. (1998). Asynchrony of Antarctic and Greenland
climate change during the last glacial period. Nature, 394, 739–743.
Buizert, C., Cuffey, K. M., Severinghaus, J. P., Baggenstos, D., Fudge,
T. J., Steig, E. J., et al. (2015). The WAIS Divide deep ice core
WD2014 chronology—Part 1: Methane synchronization (68–31 ka
BP) and the gas age–ice age difference. Climate of the Past, 11,
153–173. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-153-2015.
Bopp, L., Kohfeld, K. E., Quéré, C. L., & Aumont, O. (2003a). Dust
impact on marinebiota and atmospheric CO 2 during glacial periods.
Paleoceanography, 18(2), 1046.
Bopp, L. O., Aumont, S. Belviso, & Monfray, P. (2003b). Potential
impact of climate change on marine dimethyl sulfide emissions.
Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 55(1), 11–22.
https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v55i1.16359.
Bopp, L., et al. (2013). Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the
21st century: Projections with CMIP5 models. Biogeosciences, 10,
6225–6245. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6225-2013.
Bopp, L., Resplandy, L., Untersee, A., Mezo, P. L., & Kageyama, M.
(2017). Ocean (de)oxygenation from the Last Glacial Maximum to
the twenty-first century: insights from Earth system models.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 375, 20160323.
Boucher, O., Randall, D., Artaxo, P., Bretherton, C., Feingold, G.,
Forster, P., Kerminen, V.-M., Kondo, Y., Liao, H., Lohmann, U.,
Rasch, P., Satheesh, S. K., Sherwood, S., Stevens, B., & Zhang, X.
Y. (2013). Clouds and aerosols. In T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K.
Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V.
Bex, & P. M. Midgley (Eds.), Climate Change 2013: The Physical
Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge
University Press.
Bouttes, N., Roche, D. M., & Paillard, D. (2009). Impact of strong deep
ocean stratification on the glacial carbon cycle. Paleoceanography,
24, PA3203. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008pa001707.
Bouttes, N., Paillard, D., & Roche, D. M. (2010). Impact of
brine-induced stratification on the glacial carbon cycle. Climate of
the Past, 6, 575–589. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-575-2010.
Bouttes, N., Paillard, D., Roche, D. M., Brovkin, V., & Bopp, L.
(2011). Last Glacial Maximum CO 2 and d
13
C successfully reconciled. Geophysical Reseach Letters, 38, L02705. https://doi.org/10.
1029/2010GL044499.
Bouttes, N., Roche, D., & Paillard, D. (2012). Systematic study of the
impact of fresh water fluxes on the glacial carbon cycle. Climate of
the Past, 8, 589–607.
Bouttes, N., Swingedouw, D., Roche, D. M., Sanchez-Goni, M. F., &
Crosta, X. (2018). Response of the carbon cycle in an intermediate
complexity model to the different climate configurations of the last
nine interglacials. Climate of the Past, 14, 239–253. https://doi.org/
10.5194/cp-14-239-2018.
Bozbiyik, A., Steinacher, M., Joos, F., Stocker, T. F., & Menviel, L.
(2011). Fingerprints of changes in the terrestrial carbon cycle in
response to large reorganizations in ocean circulation. Climate of
the Past, 7, 319–338.
Broecker, W. S., & Peng, T.-H. (Eds.). (1982). Tracers in the Sea.
Palisades, New York: Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of
Columbia University.
Brook, E. J., Harder, S., Severinghaus, J., Steig, E. J., & Sucher, C. M.
(2000). On the origin and timing of rapid changes in atmospheric
methane during the last glacial period. Global Biogeochemical
Cycles, 14(2), 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB001182.
Brovkin, V., Ganopolski, A., Archer, D., & Munhoven, G. (2012).
Glacial CO 2 cycle as a succession of key physical and biogeochemical processes. Climate of the Past, 8, 251–264. https://doi.org/
10.5194/cp-8-251-2012.
Carslaw, K. S., Boucher, O., Spracklen, D. V., Mann, G. W., Rae,
J. G. L., Woodward, S., et al. (2010). A review of natural aerosol
interactions and feedbacks within the Earth system. Atmospheric
Chemistry and Physics, 10(4), 1701–1737.
Catling, D. C., & Claire, M. W. (2005). How Earth’s atmosphere
evolved to an oxic state: A status report. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 237, 1–20.
Chappellaz, J., Barnola, J. M., Raynaud, D., Korotkevich, Y. S., &
Lorius, C. (1990). Ice-Core Record of Atmospheric Methane over
the Past 160,000 Years. Nature, 345, 127–131.
Chappellaz, J. A., Fung, I. Y., & Thompson, A. M. (1993). The
atmospheric CH 4 increase since the Last Glacial Maximum. Tellus,
45B, 228–241. 1. Source Estimates.
Chappellaz, J., Brook, E., Blunier, T., & Malaizé, B. (1997). CH 4 and
d
18
O of O 2 records from Antarctic and Greenland ice: A clue for
stratigraphic disturbance in the bottom part of the Greenland Ice
Core Project and the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice cores.
Journal Geophysical Research, 102, 26547–26557.
Charlson, R. J., Lovelock, J. E., Andreae, M. O., & Warren, S. G.
(1987). Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo
and climate. Nature, 326, 655–661.
Ciais, P., Tagliabue, A., Cuntz, M., Bopp, L., Scholze, M., Hoffmann,
G., et al. (2012). Large inert carbon pool in the terrestrial biosphere
during the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature Geoscience, 5, 74–79.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1324.
Clement, A. C., & Peterson, L. C. (2008). Mechanisms of abrupt
climate change of the last glacial period. Reviews of Geophysics, 46,
RG4002. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006rg000204.
Craig, H. (1957). Isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen and
correction factors for massspectrometric analysis of carbon dioxide.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 12, 133–149.
Crichton, K. A., Bouttes, N., Roche, D. R., Chappellaz, J., & Krinner,
G. (2016). Permafrost carbon as a missing link to explain CO 2
changes during the last deglaciation. Nature Geoscience, 9, 683–
686. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2793.
Crowley, T. (1995). Ice age terrestrial carbon changes revisited. Global
Biogeochemical Cycles, 9(3), 377–389.
Crutzen, P. J., & Brühl, C. (1993). A model study of atmospheric
temperatures and the concentrations of ozone, hydroxyl, and some
other photochemically active gases during the glacial, the
pre-industrial Holocene and the present. Geophysical Reseach
Letters, 20(11), 1047–1050.
Curry, W. B., & Oppo, D. W. (2005). Glacial water mass geometry and
the distribution of d
13
C of RCO 2 in the western Atlantic Ocean.
Paleoceanography,
20,
PA1017.
https://doi.org/10.1029/
2004pa001021.
Dahl-Jensen, D. (2018). Drilling for the oldest ice. Nature Geoscience,
11, 703–704.
Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S. J., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D.,
Gundestrup, N. S., Hammer, C. U., et al. (1993). Evidence for
general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record.
Nature, 364, 218–220.
296
N. Bouttes et al.