Carroll, J., Brown, E. T., & Moore, W. S. (1993). The role of the
Ganges-Brahmaputra mixing zone in supplying barium and
226 Ra to
the Bay of Bengal. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 2981–
2990.
Caesar, L., Rahmstorf, S., Robinson, A., Feulner, G., & Saba, V.
(2018). Observed fingerprint of a weakening Atlantic Ocean
overturning circulation. Nature, 556, 191–198.
Chivall, D., M’Boule, D., Sinke-Schoen, D., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.,
Schouten, S., & van der Meer, M. T. (2014). The effects of growth
phase and salinity on the hydrogen isotopic composition of
alkenones produced by coastal haptophyte algae. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 140, 381–390.
Clark, P. U., & Pollard, D. (1998). Origin of the middle Pleistocene
transition by ice sheet erosion of regolith. Paleoceanography and
Paleoclimatology, 13(1), 1–9.
Clark, P. U., Archer, D., Pollard, D., Blum, J. D., Rial, J. A., Brovkin,
V., et al. (2006). The middle Pleistocene transition: Characteristics,
mechanisms, and implications for long-term changes in atmospheric
pCO 2 . Quaternary Science Reviews, 25, 3150–3184.
CLIMAP. (1981). Seasonal reconstructions of the Earth’s surface at the
last glacial maximum. Geological Society of America, Map and
Chart Series, 36.
Collins, J. A., Prange, M., Caley, T., Gimeno, L., Beckmann, B.,
Mulitza, S., et al. (2017). Rapid termination of the African Humid
Period triggered by northern high-latitude cooling. Nature Communications, 8, 1372.
Conte, M. H., Sicre, M. A., Rühlemann, C., Weber, J. C., Schulte, S.,
Schulz-Bull, D., & Blanz, T. (2006). Global temperature calibration
of the alkenone unsaturation index (UK′37) in surface waters and
comparison with surface sediments. Geochemistry, Geophysics,
Geosystems, 7(2).
Corrège, T. (2006). Sea surface temperature and salinity reconstruction
from coral geochemical tracers. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 232(2–4), 408–428.
Cortijo, E., Lehman, S., Keigwin, L., Chapman, M., Paillard, D., &
Labeyrie, L. (1999). Changes in meridional temperature and salinity
gradients in the North Atlantic Ocean (30–72 N) during the last
interglacial period. Paleoceanography, 14, 23–33. https://doi.org/
10.1029/1998PA900004.
Craig, H., & Gordon, L. I. (1965). Deuterium and oxygen-18 variations
in the ocean and marine atmosphere. In E. Tongiorgi (Ed.), Stable
isotopes in oceanographic studies and paleotemperatures (pp. 9–
130). Pisa, Italy: Laboratory of Geology and Nuclear Science.
DeSève, A. M. (1999). Transfer function between surface sediment
diatom assemblages and sea-surface temperature and salinity of the
Labrador Sea. Marine Micropaleontology, 36, 249–267.
De Vernal, A., et al. (2001). Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages as tracers
of sea-surface conditions in the Northern Atlantic, Arctic and
sub-Arctic seas: The new n = 677 data base and its application for
quantitative paleoceanographic reconstruction. Journal of Quaternary Science, 16, 681–698.
Duplessy, J. C., Shackleton, N. J., Matthews, R. K., Prell, W. L.,
Ruddiman, W. F., Caralp, M., et al. (1984).
13
C record of benthic
foraminifera in the Last Interglacial Ocean: Implications for the
carbon cycle and the global deep water circulation. Quaternary
Research, 21, 225–243.
Duplessy, J. C., Labeyrie, L., Juillet-Leclerc, A., Maitre, F., Duprat, J.,
& Sarnthein, M. (1991). Surface salinity reconstruction of the North
Atlantic Ocean during the last glacial maximum. Oceanologica
Acta, 14, 311–324.
Duplessy, J. C., Roche, D. M., & Kageyama, M. (2007). The deep
ocean during the last interglacial period. Science, 316, 89–91.
Dutton, A., Bard, E., Antonioli, F., Esat, T. M., Lambeck, K., &
McCulloch, M. T. (2009). Phasing and amplitude of sea-level and
climate change during the penultimate interglacial. Nature Geoscience, 2, 355–359.
Dutton, A., Carlson, A. E., Long, A. J., Milne, G. A., Clark, P. U.,
DeConto, R., Horton, B. P., Rahmstorf, S., & Raymo, M. E. (2015).
Sea-level rise due to polar ice-sheet mass loss during past warm
periods. Science, 349. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa4019.
Eiler, J. M., Bergquist, B., Bourg, I., Cartigny, P., Farquhar, J.,
Gagnon, A., et al. (2014). Frontiers of stable isotope geoscience.
Chemical Geology, 372, 119–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chemgeo.2014.02.006.
Elderfield, H., Yu, J., Anand, P., Kiefer, T., & Nyland, B. (2006).
Calibrations for benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca paleothermometry and
the carbonate ion hypothesis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
250, 633–649.
Elderfield, H., & Ganssen, G. (2000). Past temperature and d18O of
surface ocean waters inferred from foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios.
Nature, 405, 442–445.
Elderfield, H., Ferretti, P., Greaves, M., Crowhurst, S., McCave, I. N.,
Hodell, D. A., et al. (2012). Evolution of ocean temperature and ice
volume through the mid-Pleistocene climate transition. Science, 337
(6095), 704–709.
Englebrecht, A. C., & Sachs, J. P. (2005). Determination of sediment
provenance at drift sites using hydrogen isotopes and unsaturation
ratios in alkenones. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69, 4253–
4265.
EPICA. (2004). Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core. Nature,
429, 623–628.
Epstein, S., Buchsbaum, R., Lowenstam, H., & Urey, H. C. (1951).
Carbonate-water isotopic temperature scale. Geological Society of
America Bulletin, 62(4), 417–426.
Epstein, S., Buchsbaum, R., Lowenstam, H. A., & Urey, H. C. (1953).
Revised carbonate-water isotopic temperature scale. Geological
Society of America Bulletin, 64(11), 1315–1326.
Emiliani, C. (1955). Pleistocene temperatures. Journal of Geology, 63,
538–578.
Galaasen, E. V., Ninnemann, U. S., Irvalı, N., Kleiven, H. K. F.,
Rosenthal, Y., Kissel, C., et al. (2014). Rapid reductions in North
Atlantic deep water during the peak of the last interglacial period.
Science, 343(6175), 1129–1132.
Gherardi, J. M., Labeyrie, L., Nave, S., Francois, R., McManus, J. F., &
Cortijo, E. (2009). Glacial-interglacial circulation changes inferred
from 231 Pa/230Th sedimentary record in the North Atlantic
Region. Paleoceanography, 24, PA2204. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2008pa001696.
Ghosh, P., Adkins, J., Affek, H., Balta, B., Guo, W., Schauble, E. A.,
Schrag, D. P., & Eiler, J. M. (2006).
13
C18
O bonds in carbonate
minerals: A new kind of paleothermometer. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 1 439–1 456.
Gottschalk, J., Vázquez Riveiros, N., Waelbroeck, C., Skinner, L. C.,
Michel, E., Duplessy, J. C., et al. (2016). Carbon isotope offsets
between benthic foraminifer species of the genus Cibicides
(Cibicidoides) in the glacial sub-Antarctic Atlantic. Paleoceanography, 31, 1–20.
Govin, A., Capron, E., Tzedakis, P. C., Verheyden, S., Ghaleb, B.,
Hillaire-Marcel, C., et al. (2015). Sequence of events from the onset
to the demise of the Last Interglacial: Evaluating strengths and
limitations of chronologies used in climatic archives. Quaternary
Science Reviews, 129, 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.
2015.09.018.
Gray, W. R., Weldeab, S., Lea, D. W., Rosenthal, Y., Gruber, N.,
Donner, B., et al. (2018). The effects of temperature, salinity, and
the carbonate system on Mg/Ca in Globigerinoides ruber (white): A
global sediment trap calibration. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, 482, 607–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.11.026.
250
T. Caley et al.
Ganges-Brahmaputra mixing zone in supplying barium and
226 Ra to
the Bay of Bengal. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 2981–
2990.
Caesar, L., Rahmstorf, S., Robinson, A., Feulner, G., & Saba, V.
(2018). Observed fingerprint of a weakening Atlantic Ocean
overturning circulation. Nature, 556, 191–198.
Chivall, D., M’Boule, D., Sinke-Schoen, D., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S.,
Schouten, S., & van der Meer, M. T. (2014). The effects of growth
phase and salinity on the hydrogen isotopic composition of
alkenones produced by coastal haptophyte algae. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 140, 381–390.
Clark, P. U., & Pollard, D. (1998). Origin of the middle Pleistocene
transition by ice sheet erosion of regolith. Paleoceanography and
Paleoclimatology, 13(1), 1–9.
Clark, P. U., Archer, D., Pollard, D., Blum, J. D., Rial, J. A., Brovkin,
V., et al. (2006). The middle Pleistocene transition: Characteristics,
mechanisms, and implications for long-term changes in atmospheric
pCO 2 . Quaternary Science Reviews, 25, 3150–3184.
CLIMAP. (1981). Seasonal reconstructions of the Earth’s surface at the
last glacial maximum. Geological Society of America, Map and
Chart Series, 36.
Collins, J. A., Prange, M., Caley, T., Gimeno, L., Beckmann, B.,
Mulitza, S., et al. (2017). Rapid termination of the African Humid
Period triggered by northern high-latitude cooling. Nature Communications, 8, 1372.
Conte, M. H., Sicre, M. A., Rühlemann, C., Weber, J. C., Schulte, S.,
Schulz-Bull, D., & Blanz, T. (2006). Global temperature calibration
of the alkenone unsaturation index (UK′37) in surface waters and
comparison with surface sediments. Geochemistry, Geophysics,
Geosystems, 7(2).
Corrège, T. (2006). Sea surface temperature and salinity reconstruction
from coral geochemical tracers. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 232(2–4), 408–428.
Cortijo, E., Lehman, S., Keigwin, L., Chapman, M., Paillard, D., &
Labeyrie, L. (1999). Changes in meridional temperature and salinity
gradients in the North Atlantic Ocean (30–72 N) during the last
interglacial period. Paleoceanography, 14, 23–33. https://doi.org/
10.1029/1998PA900004.
Craig, H., & Gordon, L. I. (1965). Deuterium and oxygen-18 variations
in the ocean and marine atmosphere. In E. Tongiorgi (Ed.), Stable
isotopes in oceanographic studies and paleotemperatures (pp. 9–
130). Pisa, Italy: Laboratory of Geology and Nuclear Science.
DeSève, A. M. (1999). Transfer function between surface sediment
diatom assemblages and sea-surface temperature and salinity of the
Labrador Sea. Marine Micropaleontology, 36, 249–267.
De Vernal, A., et al. (2001). Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages as tracers
of sea-surface conditions in the Northern Atlantic, Arctic and
sub-Arctic seas: The new n = 677 data base and its application for
quantitative paleoceanographic reconstruction. Journal of Quaternary Science, 16, 681–698.
Duplessy, J. C., Shackleton, N. J., Matthews, R. K., Prell, W. L.,
Ruddiman, W. F., Caralp, M., et al. (1984).
13
C record of benthic
foraminifera in the Last Interglacial Ocean: Implications for the
carbon cycle and the global deep water circulation. Quaternary
Research, 21, 225–243.
Duplessy, J. C., Labeyrie, L., Juillet-Leclerc, A., Maitre, F., Duprat, J.,
& Sarnthein, M. (1991). Surface salinity reconstruction of the North
Atlantic Ocean during the last glacial maximum. Oceanologica
Acta, 14, 311–324.
Duplessy, J. C., Roche, D. M., & Kageyama, M. (2007). The deep
ocean during the last interglacial period. Science, 316, 89–91.
Dutton, A., Bard, E., Antonioli, F., Esat, T. M., Lambeck, K., &
McCulloch, M. T. (2009). Phasing and amplitude of sea-level and
climate change during the penultimate interglacial. Nature Geoscience, 2, 355–359.
Dutton, A., Carlson, A. E., Long, A. J., Milne, G. A., Clark, P. U.,
DeConto, R., Horton, B. P., Rahmstorf, S., & Raymo, M. E. (2015).
Sea-level rise due to polar ice-sheet mass loss during past warm
periods. Science, 349. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa4019.
Eiler, J. M., Bergquist, B., Bourg, I., Cartigny, P., Farquhar, J.,
Gagnon, A., et al. (2014). Frontiers of stable isotope geoscience.
Chemical Geology, 372, 119–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chemgeo.2014.02.006.
Elderfield, H., Yu, J., Anand, P., Kiefer, T., & Nyland, B. (2006).
Calibrations for benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca paleothermometry and
the carbonate ion hypothesis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
250, 633–649.
Elderfield, H., & Ganssen, G. (2000). Past temperature and d18O of
surface ocean waters inferred from foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios.
Nature, 405, 442–445.
Elderfield, H., Ferretti, P., Greaves, M., Crowhurst, S., McCave, I. N.,
Hodell, D. A., et al. (2012). Evolution of ocean temperature and ice
volume through the mid-Pleistocene climate transition. Science, 337
(6095), 704–709.
Englebrecht, A. C., & Sachs, J. P. (2005). Determination of sediment
provenance at drift sites using hydrogen isotopes and unsaturation
ratios in alkenones. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69, 4253–
4265.
EPICA. (2004). Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core. Nature,
429, 623–628.
Epstein, S., Buchsbaum, R., Lowenstam, H., & Urey, H. C. (1951).
Carbonate-water isotopic temperature scale. Geological Society of
America Bulletin, 62(4), 417–426.
Epstein, S., Buchsbaum, R., Lowenstam, H. A., & Urey, H. C. (1953).
Revised carbonate-water isotopic temperature scale. Geological
Society of America Bulletin, 64(11), 1315–1326.
Emiliani, C. (1955). Pleistocene temperatures. Journal of Geology, 63,
538–578.
Galaasen, E. V., Ninnemann, U. S., Irvalı, N., Kleiven, H. K. F.,
Rosenthal, Y., Kissel, C., et al. (2014). Rapid reductions in North
Atlantic deep water during the peak of the last interglacial period.
Science, 343(6175), 1129–1132.
Gherardi, J. M., Labeyrie, L., Nave, S., Francois, R., McManus, J. F., &
Cortijo, E. (2009). Glacial-interglacial circulation changes inferred
from 231 Pa/230Th sedimentary record in the North Atlantic
Region. Paleoceanography, 24, PA2204. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2008pa001696.
Ghosh, P., Adkins, J., Affek, H., Balta, B., Guo, W., Schauble, E. A.,
Schrag, D. P., & Eiler, J. M. (2006).
13
C18
O bonds in carbonate
minerals: A new kind of paleothermometer. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 1 439–1 456.
Gottschalk, J., Vázquez Riveiros, N., Waelbroeck, C., Skinner, L. C.,
Michel, E., Duplessy, J. C., et al. (2016). Carbon isotope offsets
between benthic foraminifer species of the genus Cibicides
(Cibicidoides) in the glacial sub-Antarctic Atlantic. Paleoceanography, 31, 1–20.
Govin, A., Capron, E., Tzedakis, P. C., Verheyden, S., Ghaleb, B.,
Hillaire-Marcel, C., et al. (2015). Sequence of events from the onset
to the demise of the Last Interglacial: Evaluating strengths and
limitations of chronologies used in climatic archives. Quaternary
Science Reviews, 129, 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.
2015.09.018.
Gray, W. R., Weldeab, S., Lea, D. W., Rosenthal, Y., Gruber, N.,
Donner, B., et al. (2018). The effects of temperature, salinity, and
the carbonate system on Mg/Ca in Globigerinoides ruber (white): A
global sediment trap calibration. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, 482, 607–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.11.026.
250
T. Caley et al.