Index 539
Strucksbarg housing project, 415f, 439f
Structural analysis process, 294–295
Structural design process, 294
Structural environments
analysis techniques, 294–295
material strength, 295–296
nano-based applications
amorphous materials, 300–301
ceramic-matrix nanocomposites,
299–300
concrete, 302–306
damage monitoring, 306–307
metal-matrix nanocomposites, 299
overview, 296
polymer-matrix nanocomposites,
297–298
responsive structures, 306–307
surface hardness, 302
tribological applications, 301–302
overview, 293–294
Structural health monitoring systems, 306
Structural magic numbers, 187–190
Structural systems, 516–517
Structure
internal, of materials, 89–103
nano, 11–15, 288
Structure-borne sounds, 368–369
Structured design processes, 48–49,
74–76
Subassemblies, 62, 67f
Sub-atomic scale, 12f
Subproblems, design, 71–72
Substitutional atoms, 100–101, 102f
Subsystems, 61, 67f
Sugar, 94
Sunscreens, 460, 462, 463f, 478–481
Superalloys, 19
Supercapacitors, 238, 238f, 388, 388f
Superconductors, 21
Supercritical drying processes, 320
Superheating, 213–214
Superhydrophobic surfaces, 408f–409f,
409
Superparamagnetic materials, 224
Supramolecular chemistry, 7–8
Surface applications, building, 514–515,
514f
Surface atoms, 14–15, 15f, 102, 190–191,
190f
Surface characteristics
See also self-cleaning materials
functional characteristics
antifogging, 427
antireflection, 427
cleaning and antimicrobial actions,
407–412
overview, 406–427
self-healing, 423–427
nanotextiles, 456
overview, 63f, 64, 65f
Surface curvature, 190–194
Surface ductility, 302
Surface hardness, 302
Surface nanofeatured materials, 186f
Surface plasmon phenomenon, 30–32,
230–232, 231f, 346
Surface roughness, 409
Surface-to-volume ratio versus shape,
182–187
Surfactant-assisted processing, 243
Suspended particle displays, 362, 362f
Suspension systems, automotive, 506
Swarf, 266–267
SWNTs (single-walled nanotubes), 233–
236, 234f, 243–244, 398
Synthesis of nanoscale materials and
structures
making 0-D nanomaterials, 257–260
making 1-D and 2-D nanomaterials,
260–263
making 3-D nanomaterials
bottom-up approach, 267
intermediate processes, 266–267
nanoprofiling methods, 267–271
overview, 263–264
top-down approach, 264–266
overview, 257
Synthetic polymers, 88
Systematic methods for resolving
conflicting objectives, 164–165
Systems
See also environments
in building design, 59, 61–65, 67–70
industry perspectives, 512–518
overview, 291
Systems approach, 73, 73f
T
Tactile attributes, 44, 44f, 152–154
Tanδ (loss tangent), 121, 121f
Technical properties, 43–44, 44f
Technology-driven products, 50–51
TEM. See transmission electron
microscopy
Temperature, 379, 379f. See also thermal
environments
Temperature control technologies, 333
Tempered spatial environments, 307–308
Templates, 448
Tensile strain, 105–106, 106f
Tensile strength, 207–211, 210f, 295f
Tensile stress, 104–106, 106f
Terrestrial scale, 12f
Textiles
See also nanotextiles
dealing with noxious gases, 494
industry perspectives, 520–521, 521f
overview, 66f
self-cleaning, 414–416
T g (glass temperature), 113, 241
“There Is Plenty of Room at the Bottom”,
1–2
Thermal barriers, 322
Thermal behavior, 113–117
Thermal buffers, 322–323
Thermal conductivity (λ), 114, 116–117,
116f, 151–152, 318, 323f, 324–325
Thermal design, 176t
Thermal diffusivity (a), 114–115
Thermal environments
basic heat transfer, 308–309
nano-based applications
heating and cooling devices,
325–327
heat-transfer devices, 323–325
insulating and conductive materials,
317–322
thermal barriers, 322
thermal buffers, 322–323
overview, 60, 61f, 292, 307–308
in products, 309–312
in spaces, 312–317
Thermal expansion (α), 115–116, 117f,
151–152
Thermal expansion coefficient (α), 114,
115f, 218
Thermal insulation, 66f, 448–449
Thermal loads, 314–315
Thermal properties
nanocomposites, 248–249
nanomaterial
melting point, 211–214
thermal transport, 214–218
nanotextiles, 458
Thermal resistance, 313–314
Thermal response, 14
Thermal sprays, 322
Thermal symbols, 173t
Thermal transport, 214–218
Thermionic emitters, 275
Thermochromics, 353, 353f, 391, 429
Thermoelectric devices, 325–327,
326f–327f
Thermoelectric materials, 379–381
Thermomechanical design, 176t
Thermoplastic olefin (TPO), 508
Thermoplastic polymers, 239–240, 297
Thermosetting polymers, 239–240
Thin films, 318, 318f, 432–433, 432f,
436–438
Three-dimensional (3-D) nanomaterials
bottom-up approach, 267
classification, 179–180
electrical properties, 219
intermediate processes, 266–267
overview, 263–264
self-cleaning, 182
top-down approach, 264–266
Thylakoids, 23–24, 24f
Tie rods, material index for, 171–172
Ties, 103–104, 105f, 412–414
Tilt boundaries, 102, 103f
Tires, automotive, 506–507
Strucksbarg housing project, 415f, 439f
Structural analysis process, 294–295
Structural design process, 294
Structural environments
analysis techniques, 294–295
material strength, 295–296
nano-based applications
amorphous materials, 300–301
ceramic-matrix nanocomposites,
299–300
concrete, 302–306
damage monitoring, 306–307
metal-matrix nanocomposites, 299
overview, 296
polymer-matrix nanocomposites,
297–298
responsive structures, 306–307
surface hardness, 302
tribological applications, 301–302
overview, 293–294
Structural health monitoring systems, 306
Structural magic numbers, 187–190
Structural systems, 516–517
Structure
internal, of materials, 89–103
nano, 11–15, 288
Structure-borne sounds, 368–369
Structured design processes, 48–49,
74–76
Subassemblies, 62, 67f
Sub-atomic scale, 12f
Subproblems, design, 71–72
Substitutional atoms, 100–101, 102f
Subsystems, 61, 67f
Sugar, 94
Sunscreens, 460, 462, 463f, 478–481
Superalloys, 19
Supercapacitors, 238, 238f, 388, 388f
Superconductors, 21
Supercritical drying processes, 320
Superheating, 213–214
Superhydrophobic surfaces, 408f–409f,
409
Superparamagnetic materials, 224
Supramolecular chemistry, 7–8
Surface applications, building, 514–515,
514f
Surface atoms, 14–15, 15f, 102, 190–191,
190f
Surface characteristics
See also self-cleaning materials
functional characteristics
antifogging, 427
antireflection, 427
cleaning and antimicrobial actions,
407–412
overview, 406–427
self-healing, 423–427
nanotextiles, 456
overview, 63f, 64, 65f
Surface curvature, 190–194
Surface ductility, 302
Surface hardness, 302
Surface nanofeatured materials, 186f
Surface plasmon phenomenon, 30–32,
230–232, 231f, 346
Surface roughness, 409
Surface-to-volume ratio versus shape,
182–187
Surfactant-assisted processing, 243
Suspended particle displays, 362, 362f
Suspension systems, automotive, 506
Swarf, 266–267
SWNTs (single-walled nanotubes), 233–
236, 234f, 243–244, 398
Synthesis of nanoscale materials and
structures
making 0-D nanomaterials, 257–260
making 1-D and 2-D nanomaterials,
260–263
making 3-D nanomaterials
bottom-up approach, 267
intermediate processes, 266–267
nanoprofiling methods, 267–271
overview, 263–264
top-down approach, 264–266
overview, 257
Synthetic polymers, 88
Systematic methods for resolving
conflicting objectives, 164–165
Systems
See also environments
in building design, 59, 61–65, 67–70
industry perspectives, 512–518
overview, 291
Systems approach, 73, 73f
T
Tactile attributes, 44, 44f, 152–154
Tanδ (loss tangent), 121, 121f
Technical properties, 43–44, 44f
Technology-driven products, 50–51
TEM. See transmission electron
microscopy
Temperature, 379, 379f. See also thermal
environments
Temperature control technologies, 333
Tempered spatial environments, 307–308
Templates, 448
Tensile strain, 105–106, 106f
Tensile strength, 207–211, 210f, 295f
Tensile stress, 104–106, 106f
Terrestrial scale, 12f
Textiles
See also nanotextiles
dealing with noxious gases, 494
industry perspectives, 520–521, 521f
overview, 66f
self-cleaning, 414–416
T g (glass temperature), 113, 241
“There Is Plenty of Room at the Bottom”,
1–2
Thermal barriers, 322
Thermal behavior, 113–117
Thermal buffers, 322–323
Thermal conductivity (λ), 114, 116–117,
116f, 151–152, 318, 323f, 324–325
Thermal design, 176t
Thermal diffusivity (a), 114–115
Thermal environments
basic heat transfer, 308–309
nano-based applications
heating and cooling devices,
325–327
heat-transfer devices, 323–325
insulating and conductive materials,
317–322
thermal barriers, 322
thermal buffers, 322–323
overview, 60, 61f, 292, 307–308
in products, 309–312
in spaces, 312–317
Thermal expansion (α), 115–116, 117f,
151–152
Thermal expansion coefficient (α), 114,
115f, 218
Thermal insulation, 66f, 448–449
Thermal loads, 314–315
Thermal properties
nanocomposites, 248–249
nanomaterial
melting point, 211–214
thermal transport, 214–218
nanotextiles, 458
Thermal resistance, 313–314
Thermal response, 14
Thermal sprays, 322
Thermal symbols, 173t
Thermal transport, 214–218
Thermionic emitters, 275
Thermochromics, 353, 353f, 391, 429
Thermoelectric devices, 325–327,
326f–327f
Thermoelectric materials, 379–381
Thermomechanical design, 176t
Thermoplastic olefin (TPO), 508
Thermoplastic polymers, 239–240, 297
Thermosetting polymers, 239–240
Thin films, 318, 318f, 432–433, 432f,
436–438
Three-dimensional (3-D) nanomaterials
bottom-up approach, 267
classification, 179–180
electrical properties, 219
intermediate processes, 266–267
overview, 263–264
self-cleaning, 182
top-down approach, 264–266
Thylakoids, 23–24, 24f
Tie rods, material index for, 171–172
Ties, 103–104, 105f, 412–414
Tilt boundaries, 102, 103f
Tires, automotive, 506–507