Index
538
Self-cleaning surfaces, 395
Self-damping mechanisms, 391–392
Self-healing, 27–28, 28f, 305–306,
423–427
Self-interstitial point defects, 100, 101f
Self-repairing materials, 305–306
SEM (scanning electron microscopy),
275–276, 276f–277f
Semiconductors, 194–195, 195f, 325
Sensing, nanotextile, 459
Sensory technologies, 330–331, 333–334,
394–396
Shafts, 103–104, 105f
Shape changing, 429–430
Shape factor, 288
Shape versus surface-to-volume ratio,
182–187
Shear mixing, 242
Shear modulus, 105–106, 106f, 295
Shear strain, 105, 106f
Shear stress, 104, 106f
Shells, 103–104, 105f
Shock absorbers, automotive, 506
Short-range forces, 89
Silica aerogel, 320
Silica fume, 304–305
Silicon, 328–329
Silicon, Age of, 18f, 21
Silver, 218, 420
Silyation processes, 320
Simulation models, sound, 371
Single-crystal silicon monolayers, 216–
217, 217f
Single-layer nanocomposite materials, 252
Single-layered nanoscale thin films, 215–
216, 216f
Single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs), 233–
236, 234f, 243–244, 398
Sintering, 193, 193f, 267, 268f
Size effects
magic numbers, 187–190
quantum effects, 194–196
strain confinement, 194
surface curvature, 190–194
surface-to-volume ratio versus shape,
182–187
Size of products, 332
Skin, 28, 461–462, 478–480, 479f
Skin-care products, 460
Skins, smart, 431
Skis, 307, 391–392
Slip directions, 111
Slip planes, 111–112, 111f
Slip vector, 111, 111f
Smart behaviors
color changing, 429
overview, 427–429
shape changing, 429–430
smart skins and envelopes, 431
varying electrical, magnetic, and other
properties, 430–431
Smart environments
characterizing, 392–395
nanotech applications, 395–396
responsive environments, 389–392
Smart materials, 352, 391–392
Smart skins, 391–392
Smart systems, 333–334
Smectic clays, 246–247, 246f
Smell qualities of materials, 44f
Smog-eating concrete, 494–495
Snell’s law, 135–136, 338
Sodium chloride, 93, 93f
SOFCs (solid-oxide fuel cells), 382–384,
383t, 384f
Soft lithography, 6–7, 270–271, 271f
Soft magnets, 129–130
Soil remediation, 495–496
Solar cells, 381, 381f
Solar concentrators, 381, 381f
Solar energy, 379–380
Sol-gel deposition, 259
Sol-gel processing, 260f
Solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), 382–384,
383t, 384f
Solid-state lighting, 357–360
Solution strengthening, 112–113, 112f
Solutions, 165–166, 165f
Sonication of CNTs, 242
Sonochemical processing, 258–259
Sonoluminescence, 378–379
Sound energy, radiation of, 143–144
Sound environments
acoustical damping and isolation,
374–376
applications of nanomaterials, 372,
378–379
fundamental characteristics of,
365–367
manipulating properties, 372–373
musical instruments, 377–378
nanoporous sound insulation
materials, 374
noise control, 367–369
overview, 61f, 364–365
sound sources, 376–377
space acoustics, 369–372
Sound management, 141–143
Sound qualities of materials, 44f
Sound quality, 44, 370–371
Sound sources, 376–377
Sound transmission class (STC), 367
Sound transmission loss (STL), 367
Sound velocity and wavelength, 141
Sound-absorption coefficient, 142
Sources, 236–237, 482–485
Space acoustics, 369–372
Spaces, thermal environments in,
312–317
Spatial environments, 60–61, 313f
Speaker design, 376–377, 377f
Specific heat, 113–115, 114f, 116f, 154
Specular reflection, 134, 134f, 338
Spheres, 184–187, 186f, 212–213, 224
Spider webs, 26, 27f
Spiral-wound membranes, 490f
SPMs (scanning probe microscopes), 8
Sports industry, 521–522, 521f–522f
Sprays, thermal, 322
Springs, amorphous metal based, 301
Sputtering, 262–263
Stability of molecular entities, 4–5
Stain resistance, textile, 456
Stained glass, 29–30, 30f
Stamping, 270–271, 271f
STC (sound transmission class), 367
Steel, 302–303, 305, 312
Steel, Age of, 18f, 19
STEM (scanning transmission electron
microscopy), 275, 280–281
Stiffness, 103
Stiffness-limited design at minimum
mass, 173t
STL (sound transmission loss), 367
STM (scanning tunneling microscope), 8,
8f, 281–283, 282f–283f
Stone, 42–43, 43f
Stone Age, 17, 18f
Strain
confinement, 194
defined, 103
overview, 105, 106f
stress-strain curves and moduli,
105–106
Strength
concrete, 303
copper, 203f
crystalline imperfection, 110–111
defined, 103
and density, 207–211, 209f
and ductility, 107
ideal, 109–110, 211, 211f
of materials versus nanomaterials,
295–296
nanolaminates, 207
nanotextiles, 455–456
nickel, 205f
overview, 293–296
and reduced grain size, 203–205
strengthening mechanisms, 112–113,
202
stress and dislocations, 111–112
use of nanostructuring, 201–202
Strength-density chart, 150–151
Strengthening mechanisms, 112–113
Strength-limited design, 174t
Stress
defined, 103
and dislocations, 111–112
overview, 104–105, 106f
Stress-strain curves and moduli, 105–106
Stringed instruments, 377–378, 377f
Strong confinement, 229
538
Self-cleaning surfaces, 395
Self-damping mechanisms, 391–392
Self-healing, 27–28, 28f, 305–306,
423–427
Self-interstitial point defects, 100, 101f
Self-repairing materials, 305–306
SEM (scanning electron microscopy),
275–276, 276f–277f
Semiconductors, 194–195, 195f, 325
Sensing, nanotextile, 459
Sensory technologies, 330–331, 333–334,
394–396
Shafts, 103–104, 105f
Shape changing, 429–430
Shape factor, 288
Shape versus surface-to-volume ratio,
182–187
Shear mixing, 242
Shear modulus, 105–106, 106f, 295
Shear strain, 105, 106f
Shear stress, 104, 106f
Shells, 103–104, 105f
Shock absorbers, automotive, 506
Short-range forces, 89
Silica aerogel, 320
Silica fume, 304–305
Silicon, 328–329
Silicon, Age of, 18f, 21
Silver, 218, 420
Silyation processes, 320
Simulation models, sound, 371
Single-crystal silicon monolayers, 216–
217, 217f
Single-layer nanocomposite materials, 252
Single-layered nanoscale thin films, 215–
216, 216f
Single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs), 233–
236, 234f, 243–244, 398
Sintering, 193, 193f, 267, 268f
Size effects
magic numbers, 187–190
quantum effects, 194–196
strain confinement, 194
surface curvature, 190–194
surface-to-volume ratio versus shape,
182–187
Size of products, 332
Skin, 28, 461–462, 478–480, 479f
Skin-care products, 460
Skins, smart, 431
Skis, 307, 391–392
Slip directions, 111
Slip planes, 111–112, 111f
Slip vector, 111, 111f
Smart behaviors
color changing, 429
overview, 427–429
shape changing, 429–430
smart skins and envelopes, 431
varying electrical, magnetic, and other
properties, 430–431
Smart environments
characterizing, 392–395
nanotech applications, 395–396
responsive environments, 389–392
Smart materials, 352, 391–392
Smart skins, 391–392
Smart systems, 333–334
Smectic clays, 246–247, 246f
Smell qualities of materials, 44f
Smog-eating concrete, 494–495
Snell’s law, 135–136, 338
Sodium chloride, 93, 93f
SOFCs (solid-oxide fuel cells), 382–384,
383t, 384f
Soft lithography, 6–7, 270–271, 271f
Soft magnets, 129–130
Soil remediation, 495–496
Solar cells, 381, 381f
Solar concentrators, 381, 381f
Solar energy, 379–380
Sol-gel deposition, 259
Sol-gel processing, 260f
Solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), 382–384,
383t, 384f
Solid-state lighting, 357–360
Solution strengthening, 112–113, 112f
Solutions, 165–166, 165f
Sonication of CNTs, 242
Sonochemical processing, 258–259
Sonoluminescence, 378–379
Sound energy, radiation of, 143–144
Sound environments
acoustical damping and isolation,
374–376
applications of nanomaterials, 372,
378–379
fundamental characteristics of,
365–367
manipulating properties, 372–373
musical instruments, 377–378
nanoporous sound insulation
materials, 374
noise control, 367–369
overview, 61f, 364–365
sound sources, 376–377
space acoustics, 369–372
Sound management, 141–143
Sound qualities of materials, 44f
Sound quality, 44, 370–371
Sound sources, 376–377
Sound transmission class (STC), 367
Sound transmission loss (STL), 367
Sound velocity and wavelength, 141
Sound-absorption coefficient, 142
Sources, 236–237, 482–485
Space acoustics, 369–372
Spaces, thermal environments in,
312–317
Spatial environments, 60–61, 313f
Speaker design, 376–377, 377f
Specific heat, 113–115, 114f, 116f, 154
Specular reflection, 134, 134f, 338
Spheres, 184–187, 186f, 212–213, 224
Spider webs, 26, 27f
Spiral-wound membranes, 490f
SPMs (scanning probe microscopes), 8
Sports industry, 521–522, 521f–522f
Sprays, thermal, 322
Springs, amorphous metal based, 301
Sputtering, 262–263
Stability of molecular entities, 4–5
Stain resistance, textile, 456
Stained glass, 29–30, 30f
Stamping, 270–271, 271f
STC (sound transmission class), 367
Steel, 302–303, 305, 312
Steel, Age of, 18f, 19
STEM (scanning transmission electron
microscopy), 275, 280–281
Stiffness, 103
Stiffness-limited design at minimum
mass, 173t
STL (sound transmission loss), 367
STM (scanning tunneling microscope), 8,
8f, 281–283, 282f–283f
Stone, 42–43, 43f
Stone Age, 17, 18f
Strain
confinement, 194
defined, 103
overview, 105, 106f
stress-strain curves and moduli,
105–106
Strength
concrete, 303
copper, 203f
crystalline imperfection, 110–111
defined, 103
and density, 207–211, 209f
and ductility, 107
ideal, 109–110, 211, 211f
of materials versus nanomaterials,
295–296
nanolaminates, 207
nanotextiles, 455–456
nickel, 205f
overview, 293–296
and reduced grain size, 203–205
strengthening mechanisms, 112–113,
202
stress and dislocations, 111–112
use of nanostructuring, 201–202
Strength-density chart, 150–151
Strengthening mechanisms, 112–113
Strength-limited design, 174t
Stress
defined, 103
and dislocations, 111–112
overview, 104–105, 106f
Stress-strain curves and moduli, 105–106
Stringed instruments, 377–378, 377f
Strong confinement, 229