Index 537
overview, 88, 199–200, 200f, 207
stress-strain curve, 107, 107f
thermoplastic, 297
used with CNTs, 244f
Polymers, Age of, 18f, 20–21
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
polymer nanocomposites,
240–241
Polypropylene (PP), 99f, 248–249
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 99f
Polyurethane/nanoclay nanocomposites,
248–249
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 99f
Porosity, 217, 318–320, 488
Porous materials, 446–450
Potential well, 219, 219f
Powder milling, 267f
Powder-pressing, 267
Power factor (P f ), 121
Power-to-weight ratio, 164
PP (polypropylene), 99f, 248–249
Precedent studies, 79–80
Preliminary design, 72, 80
Prespecified dimensional arrays, 67–68
Pressure-sensitive adhesives, 443–444
Primary systems, 61
Principal quantum number n, 90–91, 90f
Process-intensive products, 51–52
Product design
characterizing, 50–52
complexity, 53–54
development
overall process, 70–74
structured processes in relation to
materials, 74–76
unstructured processes, 76–78
material selection, 48
modular, 67–70
overview, 49–50
performance, 53–54
production volumes, 52
systems and assemblies, 61–65
unitary, 67–70
value, 52–53
Product size, 332
Production processes, 73
Production volumes, 52
Products, thermal environments in, 309–
312. See also product design
Propagating surface plasmons, 231, 231f
Property-changing materials, 427–428
Proposals, initial conceptual design,
79–80
Propulsion systems, automotive, 503–505
Prototypes, 74
Pseudocapacitors, 388
Psychophysical responses to light, 341
Pt (platinum)-alloy nanoparticles, 383,
383f
PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), 99f
Pulsed electrodeposition, 262, 262f
Purification
air, 491–494
water, 486–491
PVC (polyvinyl chloride), 99f
PVD (physical vapor deposition). See
physical vapor deposition
Pyroelectric materials, 121–122
Q
QLEDs (quantum light-emitting diodes),
335, 344–345, 357–360
Quantum confinement, 214–215
Quantum dot-based field-effect transistor,
221–222, 222f
Quantum dots, 7–8, 8f, 357–360
Quantum effects, 4–5, 194–196, 218
Quantum light-emitting diodes (QLEDs),
335, 344–345, 357–360
R
Racquet, amorphous metal, 301f
Radiant color films, 351, 351f
Radiant floor-heating systems, 323
Radiation, 12–13, 13f, 308–309. See also
optical properties
Radiation factor, 143–144, 144t
Radiosity, 343
Raman scattering, 286–287, 287f
Raman spectroscopy, 286–287
Random copolymers, 99f
Ranking
indices on charts, 159–160
material property charts, 154–155,
157
materials using objectives, 75f
overview, 156f
Rapid solidification, 264–266
Ray tracing, 343
Rayleigh scattering, 286–287
Reactive adhesives, 443–444
Rechargeable batteries, 385
Reflected light, 337–338
Reflection
of light, 134–136
sound, 81f, 366
Reflective properties, textile, 457
Reflectivity, 133
Refraction, 134–136, 337–338
Refrigerators, 311
Reinforced concrete, 302–303, 305
Reinforcement, metal-matrix
nanocomposites, 299
Relative permeability, 128
Relative permittivity, 118
Reliability, 164
Remanence, 128–129, 129f, 250
Remanent magnetization, 128–129, 129f
Remediation
general, 485–486
soil, 495–496
Remnant magnetization, 224, 224f
Remodeling, bone, 27–28
Requirements, design, 71–72, 75f, 79
Resistance, electrical, 124–125
Resistivity, electrical, 118–119, 119f
Response time, 14
Responsive environments, 389–392
Responsive materials, 427–428
Responsive structures, 306–307
Reverberation time, 80–81, 81f, 83,
370–371
Reversal mechanism, magnetization, 225
Reverse osmosis, 489, 489f
Rheological materials, 430–431
Rhinoceros horns, 26–27, 27f–28f
Ribosomes, 8, 23, 23f
Ringlike electron diffraction, 279, 279f
Rock salt structure, 97, 98f
Rockwell test, 107f
Roughness, surface, 409
R-value, 313–314
S
Saint Dominic in Adoration Before the
Crucifix, 34f
Sanderson, Kevin, Dr., 413
Saturation magnetization, 128–129,
128f–129f, 223, 224f
Scale
length, 11–15
mechanical properties, 199–201
nano, 3–4, 3f
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
275–276, 276f–277f
Scanning probe microscopes (SPMs), 8
Scanning probes, 8
Scanning transmission electron
microscopy (STEM), 275, 280–281
Scanning tunneling microscope (STM), 8,
8f, 281–283, 282f–283f
Scattering, 139
Scattering centers, 124
Schottky defects, 100, 102f
Screening, 75f, 154–155, 156f, 157–158
Screens, 360–363
Scrubbing, 493–494
Sealants, 441–442
Secondary bonding, 95, 95f
Seebeck effect, 325–327
Selection
computer-aided, 160–161
using charts for, 154–158
Selection guidelines, 159, 160f
Self-assembly, 7–8, 259–260
Self-cleaning materials
and antipollutant concrete, 416–418
concrete, 66f, 495
environmental issues, 484
glass, 66f, 412–414
paint, 66f, 439–440, 439f
textiles, 414–416, 456, 457f
tiles, 412–414
overview, 88, 199–200, 200f, 207
stress-strain curve, 107, 107f
thermoplastic, 297
used with CNTs, 244f
Polymers, Age of, 18f, 20–21
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
polymer nanocomposites,
240–241
Polypropylene (PP), 99f, 248–249
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 99f
Polyurethane/nanoclay nanocomposites,
248–249
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 99f
Porosity, 217, 318–320, 488
Porous materials, 446–450
Potential well, 219, 219f
Powder milling, 267f
Powder-pressing, 267
Power factor (P f ), 121
Power-to-weight ratio, 164
PP (polypropylene), 99f, 248–249
Precedent studies, 79–80
Preliminary design, 72, 80
Prespecified dimensional arrays, 67–68
Pressure-sensitive adhesives, 443–444
Primary systems, 61
Principal quantum number n, 90–91, 90f
Process-intensive products, 51–52
Product design
characterizing, 50–52
complexity, 53–54
development
overall process, 70–74
structured processes in relation to
materials, 74–76
unstructured processes, 76–78
material selection, 48
modular, 67–70
overview, 49–50
performance, 53–54
production volumes, 52
systems and assemblies, 61–65
unitary, 67–70
value, 52–53
Product size, 332
Production processes, 73
Production volumes, 52
Products, thermal environments in, 309–
312. See also product design
Propagating surface plasmons, 231, 231f
Property-changing materials, 427–428
Proposals, initial conceptual design,
79–80
Propulsion systems, automotive, 503–505
Prototypes, 74
Pseudocapacitors, 388
Psychophysical responses to light, 341
Pt (platinum)-alloy nanoparticles, 383,
383f
PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), 99f
Pulsed electrodeposition, 262, 262f
Purification
air, 491–494
water, 486–491
PVC (polyvinyl chloride), 99f
PVD (physical vapor deposition). See
physical vapor deposition
Pyroelectric materials, 121–122
Q
QLEDs (quantum light-emitting diodes),
335, 344–345, 357–360
Quantum confinement, 214–215
Quantum dot-based field-effect transistor,
221–222, 222f
Quantum dots, 7–8, 8f, 357–360
Quantum effects, 4–5, 194–196, 218
Quantum light-emitting diodes (QLEDs),
335, 344–345, 357–360
R
Racquet, amorphous metal, 301f
Radiant color films, 351, 351f
Radiant floor-heating systems, 323
Radiation, 12–13, 13f, 308–309. See also
optical properties
Radiation factor, 143–144, 144t
Radiosity, 343
Raman scattering, 286–287, 287f
Raman spectroscopy, 286–287
Random copolymers, 99f
Ranking
indices on charts, 159–160
material property charts, 154–155,
157
materials using objectives, 75f
overview, 156f
Rapid solidification, 264–266
Ray tracing, 343
Rayleigh scattering, 286–287
Reactive adhesives, 443–444
Rechargeable batteries, 385
Reflected light, 337–338
Reflection
of light, 134–136
sound, 81f, 366
Reflective properties, textile, 457
Reflectivity, 133
Refraction, 134–136, 337–338
Refrigerators, 311
Reinforced concrete, 302–303, 305
Reinforcement, metal-matrix
nanocomposites, 299
Relative permeability, 128
Relative permittivity, 118
Reliability, 164
Remanence, 128–129, 129f, 250
Remanent magnetization, 128–129, 129f
Remediation
general, 485–486
soil, 495–496
Remnant magnetization, 224, 224f
Remodeling, bone, 27–28
Requirements, design, 71–72, 75f, 79
Resistance, electrical, 124–125
Resistivity, electrical, 118–119, 119f
Response time, 14
Responsive environments, 389–392
Responsive materials, 427–428
Responsive structures, 306–307
Reverberation time, 80–81, 81f, 83,
370–371
Reversal mechanism, magnetization, 225
Reverse osmosis, 489, 489f
Rheological materials, 430–431
Rhinoceros horns, 26–27, 27f–28f
Ribosomes, 8, 23, 23f
Ringlike electron diffraction, 279, 279f
Rock salt structure, 97, 98f
Rockwell test, 107f
Roughness, surface, 409
R-value, 313–314
S
Saint Dominic in Adoration Before the
Crucifix, 34f
Sanderson, Kevin, Dr., 413
Saturation magnetization, 128–129,
128f–129f, 223, 224f
Scale
length, 11–15
mechanical properties, 199–201
nano, 3–4, 3f
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
275–276, 276f–277f
Scanning probe microscopes (SPMs), 8
Scanning probes, 8
Scanning transmission electron
microscopy (STEM), 275, 280–281
Scanning tunneling microscope (STM), 8,
8f, 281–283, 282f–283f
Scattering, 139
Scattering centers, 124
Schottky defects, 100, 102f
Screening, 75f, 154–155, 156f, 157–158
Screens, 360–363
Scrubbing, 493–494
Sealants, 441–442
Secondary bonding, 95, 95f
Seebeck effect, 325–327
Selection
computer-aided, 160–161
using charts for, 154–158
Selection guidelines, 159, 160f
Self-assembly, 7–8, 259–260
Self-cleaning materials
and antipollutant concrete, 416–418
concrete, 66f, 495
environmental issues, 484
glass, 66f, 412–414
paint, 66f, 439–440, 439f
textiles, 414–416, 456, 457f
tiles, 412–414