Index
536
OLED (organic light-emitting diode),
359–360, 362–363
One-dimensional (1-D) nanomaterials
electrical properties, 220–221
making, 260–263
overview, 178–179, 178f–179f, 181f,
186f
processes for making of, 258f
quantum confinement, 214–215
Opaque materials, 133
Open domain structure, macroscopic
ferromagnetic material, 223f
Opportunity-based forces for change, 46,
47f
Optical environments
antireflection, transmission, and
contrast enhancement, 348–350
applications of nanomaterials,
344–345
chromics, 352–355
color, 339–340
dichroics, 350–351
displays, screens, and electronic
papers, 360–363
fundamentals of light, 336–339
light control films, coatings, and
sheets, 347–348
luminescence, 355
luminous environments, 342–344
nanophosphors in lighting, 355–356
nano-related phenomena, 345–346
other technologies, 363
overview, 334–336
polarizing films and glasses,
351–352
solid-state lighting, 357–360
visual perception, 340–342
Optical films, 66f
Optical illusions, 341–342
Optical properties
absorption, 134
diffuse reflection, 134
interaction of materials and radiation,
133
nanofilms, 437–438, 437f
nanomaterial, 227–232
nanotextiles, 457
overview, 132–133
physics of, 136–141
refraction, 134–136
specular reflection, 134
transmission, 134
Optical quality, 133
Optimization, design, 83–84
Optoelectrical technologies, 329–330
Organic light-emitting diode (OLED),
359–360, 362–363
Organic photovoltaic cells, 381–382,
385
Organic/inorganic nanocomposites, 253
Osteocytes, 27–28
Overall heat transfer coefficient, 313–314
Oxide particles, 33f
P
PACVD (plasma-assisted CVD), 263
Paints, 66f, 414–416, 508–509, 508f
Panels, aerogel, 320–321
Paper, 36, 36f
Paramagnetic materials, 130–131, 131f
Pareto set, 165–166
“Particle in the box” problem, 195–196
Particles, 90
Patterned 2-D nanomaterials, 182, 185f
Patterns, 342
PCMs (phase-change materials), 322–
323, 324f
PDMS (polydimethylfiloxane), 270
PE (polyethylene), 99f
PECVD (plasma-enhanced CVD), 263
PEMFCs (polymer membrane fuel cells),
382–384, 383t
Penalty functions, 164–167
Perceived value, 170
Perceptual properties of materials, 43–45
Percolation in polymer nanocomposites,
241, 241f
Performance, product, 53–54
Performance indices. See material indices
Permeability of vacuum, 127
Permeable membranes, 449
P f (power factor), 121
Pharmaceutical applications, 468–472
Phase contrast, TEM, 280
Phase-change materials (PCMs), 322–
323, 324f
Phonons, 116–117, 117f, 214–216
Phosphorescence, 140–141, 355
Phosphors, 355–356
Photocatalytic oxidation, 492, 492f
Photocatalytic processes
antimicrobial materials, 421, 422f
antipollutant concrete, 417–418,
418f
defined, 407
due to surface roughness, 410f
overview, 407f, 410–411
water purification, 490–491
Photochromics, 352–353, 429
Photoconductive materials, 363
Photoelectric phenomenon, 363
Photolithography, 5–6, 269–271
Photoluminescence, 230f, 252, 355
Photonics, 334–335
Photons
color, 139–140
light and dielectrics, 138–139, 138f
nontransparency of metals, 137–138,
138f
radiation, 137
Photorheological materials, 363
Photosynthesis, 3–4, 4f, 23–24, 24f
Photovoltaics, 379–382, 380f, 385,
457–458
Physical designs, modular, 67–68
Physical vapor deposition (PVD)
ion plating, 262
overview, 347–348
plating, 262
sputtering, 262
Physics
of electrical behavior, 122–127
of magnetic behavior, 130–132
of optical behavior, 136–141
of thermal properties, 115–117
Piezoelectric devices, 307
Piezoelectric materials, 121–122
Pigment, 340
Pilkington Activ™, 412–413
Pinholes, 274
Pipes, heat, 323–325
Pitch, 154, 155f, 365–366
Plasma panels, 362–363
Plasma-assisted CVD (PACVD), 263
Plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD), 263
Plasmons, 230–231, 285–286. See also
surface plasmon phenomenon
Plasticity, 110–111
Plastics, 88
Platform products, 51
Platinum (Pt)-alloy nanoparticles, 383,
383f
Plotting limits and indices on material
property charts, 158–161
PMMA (Poly(methyl methacrylate))
polymer nanocomposites,
240–241
P-n semiconductor junctions, 357–358,
357f
Pneumatic structures, 452
Point defects, 100–101
Poisson’s ratio, 295
Polarization, 125–126
Polarized light, 336–337, 337f
Polarizing films and glasses, 351–352
Pollution prevention, 483–484
Pollution reduction, air, 494–495
Polycrystalline materials, 199
Polycrystalline silicon films, 216–217,
217f
Polydimethylfiloxane (PDMS), 270
Polyethylene (PE), 99f
Polymer membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs),
382–384, 383t
Polymer nanocomposites, 375, 397–398
Polymeric composites, 359
Polymeric membranes, 489
Polymer-matrix nanocomposites, 239–
240, 248–249, 297–298
Polymers
increasing thermal conductivity in,
318
molecular structure, 98–99, 99f
536
OLED (organic light-emitting diode),
359–360, 362–363
One-dimensional (1-D) nanomaterials
electrical properties, 220–221
making, 260–263
overview, 178–179, 178f–179f, 181f,
186f
processes for making of, 258f
quantum confinement, 214–215
Opaque materials, 133
Open domain structure, macroscopic
ferromagnetic material, 223f
Opportunity-based forces for change, 46,
47f
Optical environments
antireflection, transmission, and
contrast enhancement, 348–350
applications of nanomaterials,
344–345
chromics, 352–355
color, 339–340
dichroics, 350–351
displays, screens, and electronic
papers, 360–363
fundamentals of light, 336–339
light control films, coatings, and
sheets, 347–348
luminescence, 355
luminous environments, 342–344
nanophosphors in lighting, 355–356
nano-related phenomena, 345–346
other technologies, 363
overview, 334–336
polarizing films and glasses,
351–352
solid-state lighting, 357–360
visual perception, 340–342
Optical films, 66f
Optical illusions, 341–342
Optical properties
absorption, 134
diffuse reflection, 134
interaction of materials and radiation,
133
nanofilms, 437–438, 437f
nanomaterial, 227–232
nanotextiles, 457
overview, 132–133
physics of, 136–141
refraction, 134–136
specular reflection, 134
transmission, 134
Optical quality, 133
Optimization, design, 83–84
Optoelectrical technologies, 329–330
Organic light-emitting diode (OLED),
359–360, 362–363
Organic photovoltaic cells, 381–382,
385
Organic/inorganic nanocomposites, 253
Osteocytes, 27–28
Overall heat transfer coefficient, 313–314
Oxide particles, 33f
P
PACVD (plasma-assisted CVD), 263
Paints, 66f, 414–416, 508–509, 508f
Panels, aerogel, 320–321
Paper, 36, 36f
Paramagnetic materials, 130–131, 131f
Pareto set, 165–166
“Particle in the box” problem, 195–196
Particles, 90
Patterned 2-D nanomaterials, 182, 185f
Patterns, 342
PCMs (phase-change materials), 322–
323, 324f
PDMS (polydimethylfiloxane), 270
PE (polyethylene), 99f
PECVD (plasma-enhanced CVD), 263
PEMFCs (polymer membrane fuel cells),
382–384, 383t
Penalty functions, 164–167
Perceived value, 170
Perceptual properties of materials, 43–45
Percolation in polymer nanocomposites,
241, 241f
Performance, product, 53–54
Performance indices. See material indices
Permeability of vacuum, 127
Permeable membranes, 449
P f (power factor), 121
Pharmaceutical applications, 468–472
Phase contrast, TEM, 280
Phase-change materials (PCMs), 322–
323, 324f
Phonons, 116–117, 117f, 214–216
Phosphorescence, 140–141, 355
Phosphors, 355–356
Photocatalytic oxidation, 492, 492f
Photocatalytic processes
antimicrobial materials, 421, 422f
antipollutant concrete, 417–418,
418f
defined, 407
due to surface roughness, 410f
overview, 407f, 410–411
water purification, 490–491
Photochromics, 352–353, 429
Photoconductive materials, 363
Photoelectric phenomenon, 363
Photolithography, 5–6, 269–271
Photoluminescence, 230f, 252, 355
Photonics, 334–335
Photons
color, 139–140
light and dielectrics, 138–139, 138f
nontransparency of metals, 137–138,
138f
radiation, 137
Photorheological materials, 363
Photosynthesis, 3–4, 4f, 23–24, 24f
Photovoltaics, 379–382, 380f, 385,
457–458
Physical designs, modular, 67–68
Physical vapor deposition (PVD)
ion plating, 262
overview, 347–348
plating, 262
sputtering, 262
Physics
of electrical behavior, 122–127
of magnetic behavior, 130–132
of optical behavior, 136–141
of thermal properties, 115–117
Piezoelectric devices, 307
Piezoelectric materials, 121–122
Pigment, 340
Pilkington Activ™, 412–413
Pinholes, 274
Pipes, heat, 323–325
Pitch, 154, 155f, 365–366
Plasma panels, 362–363
Plasma-assisted CVD (PACVD), 263
Plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD), 263
Plasmons, 230–231, 285–286. See also
surface plasmon phenomenon
Plasticity, 110–111
Plastics, 88
Platform products, 51
Platinum (Pt)-alloy nanoparticles, 383,
383f
Plotting limits and indices on material
property charts, 158–161
PMMA (Poly(methyl methacrylate))
polymer nanocomposites,
240–241
P-n semiconductor junctions, 357–358,
357f
Pneumatic structures, 452
Point defects, 100–101
Poisson’s ratio, 295
Polarization, 125–126
Polarized light, 336–337, 337f
Polarizing films and glasses, 351–352
Pollution prevention, 483–484
Pollution reduction, air, 494–495
Polycrystalline materials, 199
Polycrystalline silicon films, 216–217,
217f
Polydimethylfiloxane (PDMS), 270
Polyethylene (PE), 99f
Polymer membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs),
382–384, 383t
Polymer nanocomposites, 375, 397–398
Polymeric composites, 359
Polymeric membranes, 489
Polymer-matrix nanocomposites, 239–
240, 248–249, 297–298
Polymers
increasing thermal conductivity in,
318
molecular structure, 98–99, 99f