Index
540
T m (melting temperature), 113, 211–214
T max (maximum service temperature), 113
T min (minimum service temperature), 113
Tooling, amorphous metal based, 300
Tools, analytical, 294–295
Top-down approach, 5–7, 264–266
Total internal reflection, 135, 135f,
338–339
TPO (thermoplastic olefin), 508
Tradeoff strategies, 165–166
Tradeoff surface, 165–166, 165f
Transistors, organic molecules as, 9
Translation
of design requirements, 75f
material property charts, 154–156
Translucent materials, 133
Transmission
optical behavior, 134, 348–350
sound, 366
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
contrast mechanisms, 279–280
diffraction aperture, 278–279, 278f
electrons used in, 275
image of, 277f
modes, 278
overview, 275–278
platinum nanoparticles, 281f
schematic diagram of, 278f
types of images, 279, 280f
Transmittability, 133
Transmittance, 241–242, 242f
Transmitted light, 337
Transparency, lack of in metals, 137–138
Transparent aerogels, 320
Transparent materials, 133
Treatment, environmental, 485–486
Tribological applications, 301–302
Tulipomania display, 390, 391f
Tunneling detection, 284
Two-dimensional (2-D) nanomaterials
classification of, 178f, 179
electrical properties, 219–220
making, 258f, 260–263
multilayers, 180f
nanocopper interconnects, 186f
overview, 180–182, 181f–183f, 185f
patterns of features, 185f
quantum confinement, 214–215
second-phase, 246–247
thermal properties of, 215
in three-dimensional space, 181f
U
Ultracapacitors, 388
Ultraviolet exposure, 494
Unit cells, 95–96, 95f
Unitary design, 67–70
Unpolarized light, 336–337
Unstructured design processes, 48–49,
76–78
U.S. funding for nanotechnology, 10,
10f
User-driven products, 50–51
U-value, 313–314
V
Vacancy defects, 100, 101f, 191–193
Vacuum, magnetic fields in, 127
Vacuum-insulated panels (VIPs), 321–
322, 323f
Valence electrons, 92
Value, product, 52–53, 54f
Van der Waals bonding, 95, 95f
Variable range-hopping (VRH)
mechanism, 241
Vasa galleon, 36–37, 37f
Velocities, sound, 141
Vibration control, 306–307, 368–369,
374
Vibrational spectroscopies, 286
Vibration-limited design, 175t
Vickers test, 107f
Vinyl flooring, 45f
VIPs (vacuum-insulated panels), 321–
322, 323f
Visible electromagnetic spectrum, 132–
133, 133f, 336
Visual noise, 342
Visual perception, 340–342
Visual qualities of materials, 44, 44f
Vitreloy, 301f
Volume, minimizing, 164
Volume defects, 102–103
Volumetric strain, 105, 106f
VRH (variable range-hopping)
mechanism, 241
W
Wall paintings, 33
Waste, 483
Water, 95, 95f
Water cleaning and purification, 486–491
Wave fronts, 136
Wavelengths
light, 336–337, 339–340
quantum dot, 358–359
sound, 365–366, 373
Waves, electromagnetic, 136, 136f
Weak confinement, 229
Wear, nanocomponent, 4–5
Weight, 171–172
Weight factors, 163–164
Welding defects, 102–103
Wet adhesion, 445–446
White light, 339, 358–359
Wireless technologies, 359
Wood preservation, 36–37, 37f
Work hardening, 112–113, 112f
Workplace sources and exposures,
498–499
Wound-healing process, 28
X
X-ray diffraction, 287–288, 287f–288f
X-ray lithography, 6, 270
Y
Yield strength, 107, 207–211, 209f
Young’s modulus, 105–106, 106f, 110f,
213–214
Z
Zeeman energy, 223
Zeolite, 493
Zero-dimensional (0-D) nanomaterials
electrical properties, 221
making, 257–260
overview, 177, 178f, 181f, 186f
quantum confinement, 215
Zero-loss peak, 285–286
Zigzag nanotube, 233, 236f
Zinc blend structure, 97, 98f
Zinc oxide, 218, 462, 463f
ZT values, 379–381