Index
534
Luminous flux, 342–343
Luminous intensity, 342–343
Lusterware, 30–31, 32f
Lycurgus cup, 30, 31f
M
Magic numbers, 187–190
Magnetic environments
electronic materials, 328
general trends, 328–331
impacts, 331–334
Magnetic induction, 127
Magnetic nanoparticles, 10
Magnetic properties
magnetic fields in materials, 128
magnetic fields in vacuum, 127
measuring magnetic properties,
128–130
nanomaterial, 222–227
overview, 127
physics of, 130–132
varying, 430–431
Magnetic susceptibility, 128
Magnetization, 128–129, 128f, 132, 250,
301
Magnetoresistance, 225–226
Magnetorheological devices, 375–376
Magnetorheological fluids, 306–307,
307f, 430
Magnetorheological materials, 391
Magnetotactic bacteria, 9–10, 9f
Makeup, 460
Manufacturing exposure, 498–499
Mass
stiffness-limited design at minimum,
173t
strength-limited design at minimum,
174t
Mass, minimizing, 164
Mass law, 142
Mass-thickness contrast, TEM, 279
Material indices
examples, 171–172
overview, 157
plotting on material property charts,
158–161
ranking on charts, 159–160
Material property charts
acoustic attributes, 154
documentation, 154–155, 157–158
modulus bar chart, 147–149
modulus-density bubble chart,
147–149
modulus-relative cost chart, 149–150
overview, 147–154
plotting limits and indices on,
158–161
ranking, 154–155, 157
resolving conflicting objectives
overview, 162–163
penalty functions, 166–167
systematic methods, 164–165
tradeoff strategies, 165–166
values for exchange constants,
167–170
weight factors, 163–164
screening, 154–155, 157
strength-density chart, 150–151
tactile attributes, 152–154
thermal conductivity, 151–152
thermal expansion, 151–152
translation, 154–156
Materials
See also nanomaterials
acoustic behavior, 141–144
classes of, 87–89
in design, 41–49, 60–61
electrical behavior, 117–127
history of, 17–23, 18f
internal structure of, 89–103
magnetic behavior, 127–132
mechanical behavior, 103–113
optical behavior, 132–141
strength of versus nanomaterials,
295–296
structured design processes in relation
to, 74–76
thermal behavior, 113–117
unstructured design processes, 76–78
Mathematical models, 81
Matrix materials, cosmetic, 460–461
Maximum service temperature (T max ),
113
Mayan blue paint, 31–32, 32f–33f
Mean-free path (l m ), 116–117, 318
Mechanical adhesive mechanisms,
443–444
Mechanical alloying, 266
Mechanical environments
analysis techniques, 294–295
material strength, 295–296
nano-based applications
amorphous materials, 300–301
ceramic-matrix nanocomposites,
299–300
concrete, 302–306
damage monitoring, 306–307
metal-matrix nanocomposites, 299
overview, 296
polymer-matrix nanocomposites,
297–298
responsive structures, 306–307
surface hardness, 302
tribological applications, 301–302
overview, 293–294
Mechanical properties
hardness, 107–108
modes of loading, 103–104
nanomaterial
amorphous materials, 207–211
nanocrystalline solids, 202–205
nanodispersions, 201–202
nanolaminates, 206–207
scale, 199–201
overview, 103–108
strain, 105
strength
crystalline imperfection, 110–111
and ductility, 107
ideal, 109–110
strengthening mechanisms, 112–113
stress and dislocations, 111–112
stress, 104–105
stress-strain curves and moduli,
105–106
Mechanical response, scale-dependent, 14
Mechanical symbols, 173t
Mechanochromics, 429
Medical applications, 468–472
Megapascals (MPa), 104
Melt spinning, 265, 265f
Melting temperature (T m ), 113, 211–214
Membrane structures, 452
Membranes, filtering, 449, 488–490,
488f
Memory units, 329
MEMS (microelectromechanical systems),
5, 5f, 69, 69f–70f, 469–470, 469f
Mers, 88, 98, 98f–99f
Metal dusting, 234–235
Metal organic CVD (MOCVD), 263
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs), 384–
385, 481f
Metal-insulator-metal junction, 221f
Metallic alloys, 87
Metallic bonding, 94–95, 94f
Metallic materials, 87
Metallic particles, 33f
Metal-matrix nanocomposites, 249–250,
299
Metals, 17, 19, 96–97, 106f, 107,
137–138
Meter scale products, 70f
Metric system, 11–12, 12f
Mica, 246–247
Micelles, 259–260
Micro electro-discharge machining
(EDM), 268, 268t
Microcar, 5, 5f
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS),
5, 5f, 69, 69f–70f, 469–470, 469f
Microencapsulated phase-changing
materials, 323
Micromachining, 266–268
Microprocessing units, 328–329
Microscopy. See electron microscopy;
specific microscopes by name
Millimeter scale products, 70f
Milling, 266, 267f
Miniaturization, 69, 70f
Minimum service temperature (T min ),
113
Mitigation, sound, 364–365, 368–369
534
Luminous flux, 342–343
Luminous intensity, 342–343
Lusterware, 30–31, 32f
Lycurgus cup, 30, 31f
M
Magic numbers, 187–190
Magnetic environments
electronic materials, 328
general trends, 328–331
impacts, 331–334
Magnetic induction, 127
Magnetic nanoparticles, 10
Magnetic properties
magnetic fields in materials, 128
magnetic fields in vacuum, 127
measuring magnetic properties,
128–130
nanomaterial, 222–227
overview, 127
physics of, 130–132
varying, 430–431
Magnetic susceptibility, 128
Magnetization, 128–129, 128f, 132, 250,
301
Magnetoresistance, 225–226
Magnetorheological devices, 375–376
Magnetorheological fluids, 306–307,
307f, 430
Magnetorheological materials, 391
Magnetotactic bacteria, 9–10, 9f
Makeup, 460
Manufacturing exposure, 498–499
Mass
stiffness-limited design at minimum,
173t
strength-limited design at minimum,
174t
Mass, minimizing, 164
Mass law, 142
Mass-thickness contrast, TEM, 279
Material indices
examples, 171–172
overview, 157
plotting on material property charts,
158–161
ranking on charts, 159–160
Material property charts
acoustic attributes, 154
documentation, 154–155, 157–158
modulus bar chart, 147–149
modulus-density bubble chart,
147–149
modulus-relative cost chart, 149–150
overview, 147–154
plotting limits and indices on,
158–161
ranking, 154–155, 157
resolving conflicting objectives
overview, 162–163
penalty functions, 166–167
systematic methods, 164–165
tradeoff strategies, 165–166
values for exchange constants,
167–170
weight factors, 163–164
screening, 154–155, 157
strength-density chart, 150–151
tactile attributes, 152–154
thermal conductivity, 151–152
thermal expansion, 151–152
translation, 154–156
Materials
See also nanomaterials
acoustic behavior, 141–144
classes of, 87–89
in design, 41–49, 60–61
electrical behavior, 117–127
history of, 17–23, 18f
internal structure of, 89–103
magnetic behavior, 127–132
mechanical behavior, 103–113
optical behavior, 132–141
strength of versus nanomaterials,
295–296
structured design processes in relation
to, 74–76
thermal behavior, 113–117
unstructured design processes, 76–78
Mathematical models, 81
Matrix materials, cosmetic, 460–461
Maximum service temperature (T max ),
113
Mayan blue paint, 31–32, 32f–33f
Mean-free path (l m ), 116–117, 318
Mechanical adhesive mechanisms,
443–444
Mechanical alloying, 266
Mechanical environments
analysis techniques, 294–295
material strength, 295–296
nano-based applications
amorphous materials, 300–301
ceramic-matrix nanocomposites,
299–300
concrete, 302–306
damage monitoring, 306–307
metal-matrix nanocomposites, 299
overview, 296
polymer-matrix nanocomposites,
297–298
responsive structures, 306–307
surface hardness, 302
tribological applications, 301–302
overview, 293–294
Mechanical properties
hardness, 107–108
modes of loading, 103–104
nanomaterial
amorphous materials, 207–211
nanocrystalline solids, 202–205
nanodispersions, 201–202
nanolaminates, 206–207
scale, 199–201
overview, 103–108
strain, 105
strength
crystalline imperfection, 110–111
and ductility, 107
ideal, 109–110
strengthening mechanisms, 112–113
stress and dislocations, 111–112
stress, 104–105
stress-strain curves and moduli,
105–106
Mechanical response, scale-dependent, 14
Mechanical symbols, 173t
Mechanochromics, 429
Medical applications, 468–472
Megapascals (MPa), 104
Melt spinning, 265, 265f
Melting temperature (T m ), 113, 211–214
Membrane structures, 452
Membranes, filtering, 449, 488–490,
488f
Memory units, 329
MEMS (microelectromechanical systems),
5, 5f, 69, 69f–70f, 469–470, 469f
Mers, 88, 98, 98f–99f
Metal dusting, 234–235
Metal organic CVD (MOCVD), 263
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs), 384–
385, 481f
Metal-insulator-metal junction, 221f
Metallic alloys, 87
Metallic bonding, 94–95, 94f
Metallic materials, 87
Metallic particles, 33f
Metal-matrix nanocomposites, 249–250,
299
Metals, 17, 19, 96–97, 106f, 107,
137–138
Meter scale products, 70f
Metric system, 11–12, 12f
Mica, 246–247
Micelles, 259–260
Micro electro-discharge machining
(EDM), 268, 268t
Microcar, 5, 5f
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS),
5, 5f, 69, 69f–70f, 469–470, 469f
Microencapsulated phase-changing
materials, 323
Micromachining, 266–268
Microprocessing units, 328–329
Microscopy. See electron microscopy;
specific microscopes by name
Millimeter scale products, 70f
Milling, 266, 267f
Miniaturization, 69, 70f
Minimum service temperature (T min ),
113
Mitigation, sound, 364–365, 368–369