Index 533
Hysteresis, 224–225, 224f
Hysteresis loop, 128–129, 129f
I
Ideal strength, 109–110, 211, 211f
IF (infrared) spectroscopy, 286
Imaging techniques. See electron
microscopy; specific microscopes
by name
Impact sounds, 368–369
Impedance, 143–144
Imperial units, 11, 12f
Implants, 472
Impurities. See defects
In situ fabrication, 249
In situ polymerization, 247
Inclusions, 102
Index of refraction, 134–135
Indices
examples, 171–172
overview, 157
plotting on material property charts,
158–161
ranking on charts, 159–160
Industry perspectives
automotive, 502–510
building and construction, 510–518
other industries, 518–522
overview, 501–502, 523–525
Inert-gas condensation, 257–258
Inert-gas expansion, 258, 259f
Inertia, 89, 295
Information and display systems, 512
Infrared (IF) spectroscopy, 286
Infrared (IR) spectrum, 286, 286f
Infrastructure engineering, 12f
Initial conceptual design proposals,
79–80
Initial magnetization curve, 129, 129f
Initial runs, 74
Instruments, musical, 377–378
Insulation
sound, 141–142, 374
thermal, 66f, 312, 317–322, 448–449
Insulators, 117–118, 122–124, 123f,
194–195, 195f
Integrity, design, 70–71
Intelligent environments
characterizing, 392–395
nanotech applications, 395–396
responsive environments, 389–392
Intelligent systems, 333–334
Interactive display systems, 390–391
Interactive environments
characterizing, 392–395
nanotech applications, 395–396
responsive environments, 389–392
Interactive systems, 333–334
Intercalated polymer nanocomposites,
247–248, 247f
Intercalation, 32
Intercalation solvent-based process, 247,
247f
Interconnects, 235–236, 329
Interfacial defects, 102
Interiors, automotive, 509
Intermediate processes, 264, 264f,
266–267
Internal combustion engines, 505
Internal structure of materials, 89–103
Interphase boundaries, 102
Interstitial atoms, 100–101
Intrinsic characteristics of materials, 43–
44, 44f
Intrinsic thermal properties, 113–115
Ionic bonding, 93–94, 93f
Ionic conduction, 122
Ions, 97
IR (infrared) spectrum, 286, 286f
Iridescence, 345–346, 345f–346f
Iron, 97, 97f
Iron Age, 18f, 19
Isolation
acoustical, 374–376
sound, 141–143, 368–369
Isotropic ionic bonding, 93
J
Jewelry, amorphous metal, 302f
Jubilee Church, 416–417, 417f
K
Keratin, 26–27
Keratin hairs, gecko, 25–26, 26f
Kurakuen house, 42f
L
L (loss factor), 121
λ (thermal conductivity), 114, 116–117,
116f, 151–152, 318, 323f,
324–325
Landscape architecture, 453
Langmuir-Blodgett technique, 260, 261f
Laser CVD (LCVD), 263
Laser surface melting, 265, 265f
Laser vaporization, 234t
Lattice parameters, 193–194, 194f
Layered silicates, 246–249, 297
Layers, antireflection coating, 349–350,
349f
LBM (femto-second laser machining),
268t, 269f
LCDs (liquid crystal displays), 361–362,
361f
LCVD (laser CVD), 263
Lead-acid batteries, 386t
LEDs (light-emitting diodes), 335, 335f,
344–345, 357–358, 357f
Life on Earth, 23f
Light control films, coatings, and sheets,
347–348
Light environments
antireflection, transmission, and
contrast enhancement, 348–350
applications of nanomaterials,
344–345
chromics, 352–355
color, 339–340
dichroics, 350–351
displays, screens, and electronic
papers, 360–363
fundamentals of light, 336–339
light control films, coatings, and
sheets, 347–348
luminescence, 355
luminous environments, 342–344
nanophosphors in lighting, 355–356
nano-related phenomena, 345–346
other technologies, 363
overview, 334–336
polarizing films and glasses, 351–352
solid-state lighting, 357–360
visual perception, 340–342
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 335, 335f,
344–345, 357–358, 357f
Lighting environments, 60, 61f, 515–516
Lighting simulations, 343
Lighting standards, 343–344
Light-sensitive adhesives, 443–444
Li-ion batteries, 385–388, 386t, 387f
Lime mortars, 423–424, 423f–424f
Lime water, 35–36
Limits, plotting on material property
charts, 158–161
Line tension, 112–113
Linear defects, 101–102
Linear polymers, 99, 100f
Lipids, 463
Liposomes, 463
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs), 361–362,
361f
Liquid/solid interface, 211–214, 212f,
214f
Lithography, 5–7
Lizards, gecko, 25–26, 26f
l m (mean-free path), 116–117, 318
Loading, modes of, 103–104
Local curvature, 190–192
Localized surface plasmons, 231, 231f
Location dependency in building design,
57
Longitudinal plasmons, 232
Lorentz force, 132
Loss factor (L), 121
Loss tangent (tanδ), 121, 121f
Lotus Effect ® , 407–408, 408f, 439–440
Lotus flowers, 407–408, 408f
Loudspeaker design, 376–377
Lubricants, 301–302
Lumens, 342–343
Luminance, 342–343
Luminescence, 230, 355
Luminous environments, 336, 342–344
Hysteresis, 224–225, 224f
Hysteresis loop, 128–129, 129f
I
Ideal strength, 109–110, 211, 211f
IF (infrared) spectroscopy, 286
Imaging techniques. See electron
microscopy; specific microscopes
by name
Impact sounds, 368–369
Impedance, 143–144
Imperial units, 11, 12f
Implants, 472
Impurities. See defects
In situ fabrication, 249
In situ polymerization, 247
Inclusions, 102
Index of refraction, 134–135
Indices
examples, 171–172
overview, 157
plotting on material property charts,
158–161
ranking on charts, 159–160
Industry perspectives
automotive, 502–510
building and construction, 510–518
other industries, 518–522
overview, 501–502, 523–525
Inert-gas condensation, 257–258
Inert-gas expansion, 258, 259f
Inertia, 89, 295
Information and display systems, 512
Infrared (IF) spectroscopy, 286
Infrared (IR) spectrum, 286, 286f
Infrastructure engineering, 12f
Initial conceptual design proposals,
79–80
Initial magnetization curve, 129, 129f
Initial runs, 74
Instruments, musical, 377–378
Insulation
sound, 141–142, 374
thermal, 66f, 312, 317–322, 448–449
Insulators, 117–118, 122–124, 123f,
194–195, 195f
Integrity, design, 70–71
Intelligent environments
characterizing, 392–395
nanotech applications, 395–396
responsive environments, 389–392
Intelligent systems, 333–334
Interactive display systems, 390–391
Interactive environments
characterizing, 392–395
nanotech applications, 395–396
responsive environments, 389–392
Interactive systems, 333–334
Intercalated polymer nanocomposites,
247–248, 247f
Intercalation, 32
Intercalation solvent-based process, 247,
247f
Interconnects, 235–236, 329
Interfacial defects, 102
Interiors, automotive, 509
Intermediate processes, 264, 264f,
266–267
Internal combustion engines, 505
Internal structure of materials, 89–103
Interphase boundaries, 102
Interstitial atoms, 100–101
Intrinsic characteristics of materials, 43–
44, 44f
Intrinsic thermal properties, 113–115
Ionic bonding, 93–94, 93f
Ionic conduction, 122
Ions, 97
IR (infrared) spectrum, 286, 286f
Iridescence, 345–346, 345f–346f
Iron, 97, 97f
Iron Age, 18f, 19
Isolation
acoustical, 374–376
sound, 141–143, 368–369
Isotropic ionic bonding, 93
J
Jewelry, amorphous metal, 302f
Jubilee Church, 416–417, 417f
K
Keratin, 26–27
Keratin hairs, gecko, 25–26, 26f
Kurakuen house, 42f
L
L (loss factor), 121
λ (thermal conductivity), 114, 116–117,
116f, 151–152, 318, 323f,
324–325
Landscape architecture, 453
Langmuir-Blodgett technique, 260, 261f
Laser CVD (LCVD), 263
Laser surface melting, 265, 265f
Laser vaporization, 234t
Lattice parameters, 193–194, 194f
Layered silicates, 246–249, 297
Layers, antireflection coating, 349–350,
349f
LBM (femto-second laser machining),
268t, 269f
LCDs (liquid crystal displays), 361–362,
361f
LCVD (laser CVD), 263
Lead-acid batteries, 386t
LEDs (light-emitting diodes), 335, 335f,
344–345, 357–358, 357f
Life on Earth, 23f
Light control films, coatings, and sheets,
347–348
Light environments
antireflection, transmission, and
contrast enhancement, 348–350
applications of nanomaterials,
344–345
chromics, 352–355
color, 339–340
dichroics, 350–351
displays, screens, and electronic
papers, 360–363
fundamentals of light, 336–339
light control films, coatings, and
sheets, 347–348
luminescence, 355
luminous environments, 342–344
nanophosphors in lighting, 355–356
nano-related phenomena, 345–346
other technologies, 363
overview, 334–336
polarizing films and glasses, 351–352
solid-state lighting, 357–360
visual perception, 340–342
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 335, 335f,
344–345, 357–358, 357f
Lighting environments, 60, 61f, 515–516
Lighting simulations, 343
Lighting standards, 343–344
Light-sensitive adhesives, 443–444
Li-ion batteries, 385–388, 386t, 387f
Lime mortars, 423–424, 423f–424f
Lime water, 35–36
Limits, plotting on material property
charts, 158–161
Line tension, 112–113
Linear defects, 101–102
Linear polymers, 99, 100f
Lipids, 463
Liposomes, 463
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs), 361–362,
361f
Liquid/solid interface, 211–214, 212f,
214f
Lithography, 5–7
Lizards, gecko, 25–26, 26f
l m (mean-free path), 116–117, 318
Loading, modes of, 103–104
Local curvature, 190–192
Localized surface plasmons, 231, 231f
Location dependency in building design,
57
Longitudinal plasmons, 232
Lorentz force, 132
Loss factor (L), 121
Loss tangent (tanδ), 121, 121f
Lotus Effect ® , 407–408, 408f, 439–440
Lotus flowers, 407–408, 408f
Loudspeaker design, 376–377
Lubricants, 301–302
Lumens, 342–343
Luminance, 342–343
Luminescence, 230, 355
Luminous environments, 336, 342–344