Index 531
electrons used in, 275
image of, 277f
modes, 278
overview, 275–278
platinum nanoparticles, 281f
schematic diagram of, 278f
types of images, 279, 280f
Electron spectroscopy. See specific types by
name
Electron tunneling, 221–222
Electron-beam lithography, 270
Electronic assists, concert hall, 84–85
Electronic magic numbers, 189–190
Electronic materials
general trends, 328–331
impacts, 331–334
overview, 88, 328
Electronic papers, 360–363
Electronic systems, automotive, 509–510
Electronic water purifiers, 491, 491f
Electronics industry, 518–519
Electrons
See also atomic bonding
atomic configurations for, 91f
color, 139–140
electrical conductivity, 122–124
electrical resistance, 124–125, 124f
electroluminescence, 140–141
energy, 90–91
exclusion principle, 91
ferromagnetic atoms, 130–131
fluorescence, 140–141
light and dielectrics, 138–139
nontransparency of metals, 137–138
phosphorescence, 140–141
quantum effects, 194–196
valence, 92
Electrophoretic technologies, 362
Electrorheological material, 306–307, 430
Electrostatic paint, 439
Electrostatic precipitators, 494
Electrostriction, 121–122
Elongation, 107
E-m (electromagnetic) radiation, 12–13,
13f, 336. See also optical
properties
Embodiment design stage, 72
Emissions, automotive, 505–506
Emulsions, 460–461
Enclosure systems, 513–515, 514f
Energy, 379–388, 450, 483–484
Energy bands, 194–196, 195f
Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS),
284–285
Energy generation devices, 329–330
Energy states, atomic, 90–91, 90f
Energy storage devices, 329–330
Engineering, and scale, 12f
Engines, internal combustion, 505
Enhancement, sound, 364, 373
Envelopes, smart, 431
Environmental impact, 164, 170,
482–485
Environmental issues, nanotechnology
air cleaning and purification,
491–494
air pollution reduction, 494–495
environmental monitoring, 486
general risks, 496–498
overview, 467–468, 481–499
reducing impact, 482–485
remediation and treatment,
485–486
soil remediation, 495–496
water cleaning and purification,
486–491
workplace sources and exposures,
498–499
Environmental monitoring, 486
Environmental qualities of materials, 44f,
46
Environmental safety, 82
Environments
See also mechanical environments;
structural environments
in building design, 59–61, 61f, 65f
electrical and magnetic
electronic materials, 328
general trends, 328–331
impacts, 331–334
energy, 379–388
industry perspectives, 515–516
interactive, smart, and intelligent
characterizing, 392–395
nanotech applications, 395–396
responsive environments, 389–392
light and optical
antireflection, transmission, and
contrast enhancement, 348–350
applications of nanomaterials,
344–345
chromics, 352–355
color, 339–340
dichroics, 350–351
displays, screens, and electronic
papers, 360–363
fundamentals of light, 336–339
light control films, coatings, and
sheets, 347–348
luminescence, 355
luminous environments, 342–344
nanophosphors in lighting,
355–356
nano-related phenomena, 345–346
other technologies, 363
overview, 334–336
polarizing films and glasses,
351–352
solid-state lighting, 357–360
visual perception, 340–342
nanomaterials costs, 396–401
overview, 291–293
sound and acoustical
acoustical damping and isolation,
374–376
applications of nanomaterials, 372,
378–379
fundamental characteristics of,
365–367
manipulating properties, 372–373
musical instruments, 377–378
nanoporous sound insulation
materials, 374
noise control, 367–369
overview, 364–365
sound sources, 376–377
space acoustics, 369–372
thermal
basic heat transfer, 308–309
nano-based applications, 317–327
overview, 307–308
in products, 309–312
in spaces, 312–317
Equiangle extrusion, 266
Ethylene, 98, 98f
Evolutionary perspective
history of materials, 17–23
nanomaterials
in art, 29–32
conservation, 32–38
and nanostructures in nature,
23–29
Exchange bias, 226–227
Exchange constants, 164–165, 167–170
Exchange energy, 130–131
Exchange stiffness, 224
Exciton radius, 227–229, 228t
Excitons, 227–229, 228f
Exfoliated polymer nanocomposites,
247–248, 247f
Expansion, thermal, 115–116
Exposure, 475–476
Extrusion, 244–245
F
Fabric, 450–451. See also textiles
Face-centered cubic (FCC) structure, 188–
189, 188f, 189t–190t
Face-centered cubic (FCC) unit cells, 96–
97, 96f
Facial recognition, 333–334
Fashion items, amorphous metal based,
301
FEGs (field emission guns), 275, 275f
Femto-second laser machining (LBM),
268t, 269f
Fermi energy, 219–220
Fermi level, 122–123
Ferrimagnetic materials (ferrites), 128,
131, 131f
Ferroelectric materials, 121–122
Ferromagnetic atoms, 130–131
Ferromagnetic materials, 128
electrons used in, 275
image of, 277f
modes, 278
overview, 275–278
platinum nanoparticles, 281f
schematic diagram of, 278f
types of images, 279, 280f
Electron spectroscopy. See specific types by
name
Electron tunneling, 221–222
Electron-beam lithography, 270
Electronic assists, concert hall, 84–85
Electronic magic numbers, 189–190
Electronic materials
general trends, 328–331
impacts, 331–334
overview, 88, 328
Electronic papers, 360–363
Electronic systems, automotive, 509–510
Electronic water purifiers, 491, 491f
Electronics industry, 518–519
Electrons
See also atomic bonding
atomic configurations for, 91f
color, 139–140
electrical conductivity, 122–124
electrical resistance, 124–125, 124f
electroluminescence, 140–141
energy, 90–91
exclusion principle, 91
ferromagnetic atoms, 130–131
fluorescence, 140–141
light and dielectrics, 138–139
nontransparency of metals, 137–138
phosphorescence, 140–141
quantum effects, 194–196
valence, 92
Electrophoretic technologies, 362
Electrorheological material, 306–307, 430
Electrostatic paint, 439
Electrostatic precipitators, 494
Electrostriction, 121–122
Elongation, 107
E-m (electromagnetic) radiation, 12–13,
13f, 336. See also optical
properties
Embodiment design stage, 72
Emissions, automotive, 505–506
Emulsions, 460–461
Enclosure systems, 513–515, 514f
Energy, 379–388, 450, 483–484
Energy bands, 194–196, 195f
Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS),
284–285
Energy generation devices, 329–330
Energy states, atomic, 90–91, 90f
Energy storage devices, 329–330
Engineering, and scale, 12f
Engines, internal combustion, 505
Enhancement, sound, 364, 373
Envelopes, smart, 431
Environmental impact, 164, 170,
482–485
Environmental issues, nanotechnology
air cleaning and purification,
491–494
air pollution reduction, 494–495
environmental monitoring, 486
general risks, 496–498
overview, 467–468, 481–499
reducing impact, 482–485
remediation and treatment,
485–486
soil remediation, 495–496
water cleaning and purification,
486–491
workplace sources and exposures,
498–499
Environmental monitoring, 486
Environmental qualities of materials, 44f,
46
Environmental safety, 82
Environments
See also mechanical environments;
structural environments
in building design, 59–61, 61f, 65f
electrical and magnetic
electronic materials, 328
general trends, 328–331
impacts, 331–334
energy, 379–388
industry perspectives, 515–516
interactive, smart, and intelligent
characterizing, 392–395
nanotech applications, 395–396
responsive environments, 389–392
light and optical
antireflection, transmission, and
contrast enhancement, 348–350
applications of nanomaterials,
344–345
chromics, 352–355
color, 339–340
dichroics, 350–351
displays, screens, and electronic
papers, 360–363
fundamentals of light, 336–339
light control films, coatings, and
sheets, 347–348
luminescence, 355
luminous environments, 342–344
nanophosphors in lighting,
355–356
nano-related phenomena, 345–346
other technologies, 363
overview, 334–336
polarizing films and glasses,
351–352
solid-state lighting, 357–360
visual perception, 340–342
nanomaterials costs, 396–401
overview, 291–293
sound and acoustical
acoustical damping and isolation,
374–376
applications of nanomaterials, 372,
378–379
fundamental characteristics of,
365–367
manipulating properties, 372–373
musical instruments, 377–378
nanoporous sound insulation
materials, 374
noise control, 367–369
overview, 364–365
sound sources, 376–377
space acoustics, 369–372
thermal
basic heat transfer, 308–309
nano-based applications, 317–327
overview, 307–308
in products, 309–312
in spaces, 312–317
Equiangle extrusion, 266
Ethylene, 98, 98f
Evolutionary perspective
history of materials, 17–23
nanomaterials
in art, 29–32
conservation, 32–38
and nanostructures in nature,
23–29
Exchange bias, 226–227
Exchange constants, 164–165, 167–170
Exchange energy, 130–131
Exchange stiffness, 224
Exciton radius, 227–229, 228t
Excitons, 227–229, 228f
Exfoliated polymer nanocomposites,
247–248, 247f
Expansion, thermal, 115–116
Exposure, 475–476
Extrusion, 244–245
F
Fabric, 450–451. See also textiles
Face-centered cubic (FCC) structure, 188–
189, 188f, 189t–190t
Face-centered cubic (FCC) unit cells, 96–
97, 96f
Facial recognition, 333–334
Fashion items, amorphous metal based,
301
FEGs (field emission guns), 275, 275f
Femto-second laser machining (LBM),
268t, 269f
Fermi energy, 219–220
Fermi level, 122–123
Ferrimagnetic materials (ferrites), 128,
131, 131f
Ferroelectric materials, 121–122
Ferromagnetic atoms, 130–131
Ferromagnetic materials, 128