Index
528
Atomic structure
Bohr model, 89–90
exclusion principle, 91
overview, 89
periodic table, 91–92
quantum mechanics, 90–91
Atoms
See also atomic bonding; atomic
structure
ferromagnetic, 130–131
substitutional, 100–101
surface, 14–15, 15f, 102, 190–191, 190f
Attribute limits, 157
Attribute meanings, 341–342
Audible sound, 364–365
Automobile design, 333–334, 391–392
Automotive industry, 502–510
B
Backscattering mode, SEM, 276
Bacteria
antimicrobial materials, 419
magnetotactic, 9–10, 9f
Bakelite, 45–46, 46f
Band gaps, 123–124, 123f, 194–196,
195f
Bands, 122–124
Bar charts, 147–149
Barium technique, 34f, 35–36
Barriers
sound, 368
thermal, 322
Batteries, 385, 386t, 388f
Baytubes production facility, 397f
BCC (body-centered cubic) unit cells,
96–97, 96f
Beach House, 412f
Beachamwell Church, 423f
Beams, 103–104, 105f
Behavior, nano, 11–15
Bending stresses, 43f
Beta prototypes, 74
Bioclothing, 458–459, 459f
Biofilters, 458
Biofouling, 489
Bio-identification, gold particles for, 10
Biolabels, 468–469
Biomaterials, 21, 88–89
Biopolymers, 88
Biosensors, 330–332, 468–469
Biotechnology, 8
Block copolymers, 98–99, 99f
Blue paint, Mayan, 31–32, 32f–33f
Body, chemical composition of, 1, 2t
Body components, automotive, 507
Body-centered cubic (BCC) unit cells,
96–97, 96f
Bohr magnetons, 130
Bohr radius, 227–229, 228t
Bonding, atomic. See atomic bonding
Bone, 27–28, 28f, 471–472
Boston Symphony Hall, 78f
Bottom-up approach, 3, 7–9, 264, 264f,
267
Bragg’s law of diffraction, 287–288, 287f
Brain, 28–29, 29f
Branched polymers, 99, 100f
Bravais lattices, 95–96, 96f
Breakdown potential, 120, 126–127
Bright-field images, TEM, 279, 280f
Brightness, acoustic, 154, 155f
Brightness-contrast terms, 341, 341f
Brinell test, 107f
Bronze Age, 18f, 19
Brownian motion, 4–5
Bubble charts
acoustic attributes, 154, 155f
exchange constants, 169f
modulus-density, 147–149, 159–160,
160f–161f
modulus-relative cost, 149–150, 158,
159f
penalty functions, 167f
strength-density, 150–151
tactile attributes, 152–154
thermal expansion and thermal
conductivity, 151–152
tradeoff strategies, 165f–166f
Buckminster fullerenes, 233
Buffers, thermal, 322–323
Building design
architecture, 55
assemblies, 59, 61–65, 67–70
building engineering, 55
civil engineering, 55
design and development context,
55–58
development
overall process, 70–74
structured processes, 74–76
unstructured processes, 76–78
environments, 59–61
material selection, 48
modular, 67–70
systems, 59, 61–65, 67–70
types of, 58
unitary, 67–70
Building engineering, 55
Building industry, 510–518
Buildings, textiles for, 452–453
Bulk defects, 102–103
Bulk modulus, 105–106, 106f, 295
Bulk nanomaterials, 178f, 179–180,
180f–184f, 182
Bulk nanostructured materials, 186f,
263–264, 264f, 272f–273f
Burger’s vector, 111, 111f
Byssus, 25, 25f
C
Calcium fluorite structure, 98, 98f
Calcium hydroxide, 35–37, 36f–37f
Calorimetry, 113–114, 114f
Capacitors, 119–120, 120f
Capillarity effects, 190–191
Carbon dioxide levels, 306
Carbon materials, 376–377
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
agglomeration of, 243f
in bicycles, 298f
in carbon-fiber composites, 297
conductivity of, 220–221
cost of, 399–401, 399f
dampening properties, 375
functionalized forms, 399
making of, 261
in metal-matrix nanocomposites, 299
in nanocomposites, 398–399
overview, 233–239
polymer-matrix nanocomposites, 297
production of, 397f
purity of, 398
reinforcement of nanocomposites,
242–246, 250
self-assembly, 7, 7f
Carbon sequestration, 493–494
Carbon-fiber composites, 297
Cascades, 126, 126f
Cast iron, 19, 45f
Casting defects, 102–103
Catalysts, 424–426, 450
Catalytic materials, 485, 490–492,
505–506
Cathodes, 385, 387
Cations, 97–98
Cavitation, 240–241
Cell phones, 332
Cell-phone cases, amorphous metal, 302f
Cellulose, 36
Center for Colloid and Interface Science
(CSGI), 35–37
Centimeter scale products, 70f
Ceramic materials, 30–31, 32f, 87–88,
97, 107, 107f
Ceramic-matrix nanocomposites, 251–
252, 299–300
CES material selection software, 160–161,
162f
Cesium chloride structure, 97, 98f
CFD (computational fluid dynamics)
models, 316–317
Channels, 236–237
Characterization of nanomaterials, 271–
288. See also electron microscopy;
specific microscopes by name; specific
spectroscopy techniques by name
Charts. See material property charts
Chemical absorption systems, 493–494
Chemical adhesive mechanisms, 443–444
Chemical bonding, 92–95
Chemical composition of human body,
1, 2t
Chemical environments, 61f
528
Atomic structure
Bohr model, 89–90
exclusion principle, 91
overview, 89
periodic table, 91–92
quantum mechanics, 90–91
Atoms
See also atomic bonding; atomic
structure
ferromagnetic, 130–131
substitutional, 100–101
surface, 14–15, 15f, 102, 190–191, 190f
Attribute limits, 157
Attribute meanings, 341–342
Audible sound, 364–365
Automobile design, 333–334, 391–392
Automotive industry, 502–510
B
Backscattering mode, SEM, 276
Bacteria
antimicrobial materials, 419
magnetotactic, 9–10, 9f
Bakelite, 45–46, 46f
Band gaps, 123–124, 123f, 194–196,
195f
Bands, 122–124
Bar charts, 147–149
Barium technique, 34f, 35–36
Barriers
sound, 368
thermal, 322
Batteries, 385, 386t, 388f
Baytubes production facility, 397f
BCC (body-centered cubic) unit cells,
96–97, 96f
Beach House, 412f
Beachamwell Church, 423f
Beams, 103–104, 105f
Behavior, nano, 11–15
Bending stresses, 43f
Beta prototypes, 74
Bioclothing, 458–459, 459f
Biofilters, 458
Biofouling, 489
Bio-identification, gold particles for, 10
Biolabels, 468–469
Biomaterials, 21, 88–89
Biopolymers, 88
Biosensors, 330–332, 468–469
Biotechnology, 8
Block copolymers, 98–99, 99f
Blue paint, Mayan, 31–32, 32f–33f
Body, chemical composition of, 1, 2t
Body components, automotive, 507
Body-centered cubic (BCC) unit cells,
96–97, 96f
Bohr magnetons, 130
Bohr radius, 227–229, 228t
Bonding, atomic. See atomic bonding
Bone, 27–28, 28f, 471–472
Boston Symphony Hall, 78f
Bottom-up approach, 3, 7–9, 264, 264f,
267
Bragg’s law of diffraction, 287–288, 287f
Brain, 28–29, 29f
Branched polymers, 99, 100f
Bravais lattices, 95–96, 96f
Breakdown potential, 120, 126–127
Bright-field images, TEM, 279, 280f
Brightness, acoustic, 154, 155f
Brightness-contrast terms, 341, 341f
Brinell test, 107f
Bronze Age, 18f, 19
Brownian motion, 4–5
Bubble charts
acoustic attributes, 154, 155f
exchange constants, 169f
modulus-density, 147–149, 159–160,
160f–161f
modulus-relative cost, 149–150, 158,
159f
penalty functions, 167f
strength-density, 150–151
tactile attributes, 152–154
thermal expansion and thermal
conductivity, 151–152
tradeoff strategies, 165f–166f
Buckminster fullerenes, 233
Buffers, thermal, 322–323
Building design
architecture, 55
assemblies, 59, 61–65, 67–70
building engineering, 55
civil engineering, 55
design and development context,
55–58
development
overall process, 70–74
structured processes, 74–76
unstructured processes, 76–78
environments, 59–61
material selection, 48
modular, 67–70
systems, 59, 61–65, 67–70
types of, 58
unitary, 67–70
Building engineering, 55
Building industry, 510–518
Buildings, textiles for, 452–453
Bulk defects, 102–103
Bulk modulus, 105–106, 106f, 295
Bulk nanomaterials, 178f, 179–180,
180f–184f, 182
Bulk nanostructured materials, 186f,
263–264, 264f, 272f–273f
Burger’s vector, 111, 111f
Byssus, 25, 25f
C
Calcium fluorite structure, 98, 98f
Calcium hydroxide, 35–37, 36f–37f
Calorimetry, 113–114, 114f
Capacitors, 119–120, 120f
Capillarity effects, 190–191
Carbon dioxide levels, 306
Carbon materials, 376–377
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
agglomeration of, 243f
in bicycles, 298f
in carbon-fiber composites, 297
conductivity of, 220–221
cost of, 399–401, 399f
dampening properties, 375
functionalized forms, 399
making of, 261
in metal-matrix nanocomposites, 299
in nanocomposites, 398–399
overview, 233–239
polymer-matrix nanocomposites, 297
production of, 397f
purity of, 398
reinforcement of nanocomposites,
242–246, 250
self-assembly, 7, 7f
Carbon sequestration, 493–494
Carbon-fiber composites, 297
Cascades, 126, 126f
Cast iron, 19, 45f
Casting defects, 102–103
Catalysts, 424–426, 450
Catalytic materials, 485, 490–492,
505–506
Cathodes, 385, 387
Cations, 97–98
Cavitation, 240–241
Cell phones, 332
Cell-phone cases, amorphous metal, 302f
Cellulose, 36
Center for Colloid and Interface Science
(CSGI), 35–37
Centimeter scale products, 70f
Ceramic materials, 30–31, 32f, 87–88,
97, 107, 107f
Ceramic-matrix nanocomposites, 251–
252, 299–300
CES material selection software, 160–161,
162f
Cesium chloride structure, 97, 98f
CFD (computational fluid dynamics)
models, 316–317
Channels, 236–237
Characterization of nanomaterials, 271–
288. See also electron microscopy;
specific microscopes by name; specific
spectroscopy techniques by name
Charts. See material property charts
Chemical absorption systems, 493–494
Chemical adhesive mechanisms, 443–444
Chemical bonding, 92–95
Chemical composition of human body,
1, 2t
Chemical environments, 61f