3. Peris E, Crabtree RH (2018) Key factors in pincer ligand design. Chem Soc Rev
47:1959–1968
4. van Koten G, Milstein D (2013) Organometallic pincer chemistry. Topics in organometallic
chemistry, vol 40. Springer, Cham
5. Szabo KJ, Wendt OF (2014) Pincer and pincer-type complexes: applications in organic
synthesis and catalysis. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
6. van der Boom ME, Milstein D (2003) Cyclometalated phosphine-based pincer complexes:
mechanistic insight in catalysis, coordination, and bond activation. Chem Rev 103:1759–1792
7. Selander N, Szabo KJ (2011) Catalysis by palladium pincer complexes. Chem Rev
111:2048–2076
8. Choi J, MacArthur AHR, Brookhart M, Goldman AS (2011) Dehydrogenation and related
reactions catalyzed by iridium pincer complexes. Chem Rev 111:1761–1779
9. Gunanathan C, Milstein D (2014) Bond activation and catalysis by ruthenium pincer complexes. Chem Rev 114:12024–12087
10. Kumar A, Bhatti TM, Goldman AS (2017) Dehydrogenation of alkanes and aliphatic groups
by pincer-ligated metal complexes. Chem Rev 117:12357–12384
11. Alig L, Fritz M, Schneider S (2019) First-row transition metal (De)hydrogenation catalysis
based on functional pincer ligands. Chem Rev 119:2681–2751
12. Merz LS, Ballmann J, Gade LH (2020) Phosphines and N-heterocycles joining forces: an
emerging structural motif in PNP-pincer chemistry. Eur J Inorg Chem 2023–2042
13. Michelin RA, Mozzon M, Bertani R (1996) Reactions of transition metal-coordinated nitriles.
Coord Chem Rev 147:299–338
14. Yang X, Fleming FF (2017) C- and N-metalated nitriles: the relationship between structure
and selectivity. Acc Chem Res 50:2556–2568
15. Khusnutdinova JR, Milstein D (2015) Metal-ligand cooperation. Angew Chem Int Ed
54:12236–12273
16. Gunanathan C, Milstein D (2011) Metal ligand cooperation by aromatization dearomatization:
a new paradigm in bond activation and “green” catalysis. Acc Chem Res 44:588–602
17. Vogt M, Nerush A, Iron MA, Leitus G, Diskin-Posner Y, Shimon LJ, Ben-David Y, Milstein
D (2013) Activation of nitriles by metal ligand cooperation. Reversible formation of ketimidoand enamido-rhenium PNP pincer complexes and relevance to catalytic design. J Am Chem
Soc 135:17004–17018
18. Eijsink LE, Perdriau SC, de Vries JG, Otten E (2016) Metal-ligand cooperative activation of
nitriles by a ruthenium complex with a de-aromatized PNN pincer ligand. Dalton Trans
45:16033–16039
19. Gunanathan C, Hölscher M, Leitner W (2011) Reduction of nitriles to amines with H 2
catalyzed by nonclassical ruthenium hydrides - water-promoted selectivity for primary amines
and mechanistic investigations. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011:3381–3386
20. Kuriyama W, Matsumoto T, Ogata O, Ino Y, Aoki K, Tanaka S, Ishida K, Kobayashi T,
Sayo N, Saito T (2012) Catalytic hydrogenation of esters. Development of an efficient catalyst
and processes for synthesising (R)-1,2-propanediol and 2-(l-menthoxy)ethanol. Org Process
Res Dev 16:166–171
21. Touge T, Aoki K, Nara H, Kuriyama W (2012) Method for producing compound with
carbonyl group from alcohols by using ruthenium carbonyl complex having tridentate ligand
as dehydrogenation oxidation catalyst. WO2012144650A1
22. Neumann J, Bornschein C, Jiao H, Junge K, Beller M (2015) Hydrogenation of aliphatic and
aromatic nitriles using a defined ruthenium PNP pincer catalyst. Eur J Org Chem
2015:5944–5948
23. Adam R, Alberico E, Baumann W, Drexler HJ, Jackstell R, Junge H, Beller M (2016)
NNP-type pincer imidazolylphosphine ruthenium complexes: efficient base-free hydrogenation of aromatic and aliphatic nitriles under mild conditions. Chem Eur J 22:4991–5002
Catalytic Conversion of Nitriles by Metal Pincer Complexes
373
47:1959–1968
4. van Koten G, Milstein D (2013) Organometallic pincer chemistry. Topics in organometallic
chemistry, vol 40. Springer, Cham
5. Szabo KJ, Wendt OF (2014) Pincer and pincer-type complexes: applications in organic
synthesis and catalysis. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
6. van der Boom ME, Milstein D (2003) Cyclometalated phosphine-based pincer complexes:
mechanistic insight in catalysis, coordination, and bond activation. Chem Rev 103:1759–1792
7. Selander N, Szabo KJ (2011) Catalysis by palladium pincer complexes. Chem Rev
111:2048–2076
8. Choi J, MacArthur AHR, Brookhart M, Goldman AS (2011) Dehydrogenation and related
reactions catalyzed by iridium pincer complexes. Chem Rev 111:1761–1779
9. Gunanathan C, Milstein D (2014) Bond activation and catalysis by ruthenium pincer complexes. Chem Rev 114:12024–12087
10. Kumar A, Bhatti TM, Goldman AS (2017) Dehydrogenation of alkanes and aliphatic groups
by pincer-ligated metal complexes. Chem Rev 117:12357–12384
11. Alig L, Fritz M, Schneider S (2019) First-row transition metal (De)hydrogenation catalysis
based on functional pincer ligands. Chem Rev 119:2681–2751
12. Merz LS, Ballmann J, Gade LH (2020) Phosphines and N-heterocycles joining forces: an
emerging structural motif in PNP-pincer chemistry. Eur J Inorg Chem 2023–2042
13. Michelin RA, Mozzon M, Bertani R (1996) Reactions of transition metal-coordinated nitriles.
Coord Chem Rev 147:299–338
14. Yang X, Fleming FF (2017) C- and N-metalated nitriles: the relationship between structure
and selectivity. Acc Chem Res 50:2556–2568
15. Khusnutdinova JR, Milstein D (2015) Metal-ligand cooperation. Angew Chem Int Ed
54:12236–12273
16. Gunanathan C, Milstein D (2011) Metal ligand cooperation by aromatization dearomatization:
a new paradigm in bond activation and “green” catalysis. Acc Chem Res 44:588–602
17. Vogt M, Nerush A, Iron MA, Leitus G, Diskin-Posner Y, Shimon LJ, Ben-David Y, Milstein
D (2013) Activation of nitriles by metal ligand cooperation. Reversible formation of ketimidoand enamido-rhenium PNP pincer complexes and relevance to catalytic design. J Am Chem
Soc 135:17004–17018
18. Eijsink LE, Perdriau SC, de Vries JG, Otten E (2016) Metal-ligand cooperative activation of
nitriles by a ruthenium complex with a de-aromatized PNN pincer ligand. Dalton Trans
45:16033–16039
19. Gunanathan C, Hölscher M, Leitner W (2011) Reduction of nitriles to amines with H 2
catalyzed by nonclassical ruthenium hydrides - water-promoted selectivity for primary amines
and mechanistic investigations. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011:3381–3386
20. Kuriyama W, Matsumoto T, Ogata O, Ino Y, Aoki K, Tanaka S, Ishida K, Kobayashi T,
Sayo N, Saito T (2012) Catalytic hydrogenation of esters. Development of an efficient catalyst
and processes for synthesising (R)-1,2-propanediol and 2-(l-menthoxy)ethanol. Org Process
Res Dev 16:166–171
21. Touge T, Aoki K, Nara H, Kuriyama W (2012) Method for producing compound with
carbonyl group from alcohols by using ruthenium carbonyl complex having tridentate ligand
as dehydrogenation oxidation catalyst. WO2012144650A1
22. Neumann J, Bornschein C, Jiao H, Junge K, Beller M (2015) Hydrogenation of aliphatic and
aromatic nitriles using a defined ruthenium PNP pincer catalyst. Eur J Org Chem
2015:5944–5948
23. Adam R, Alberico E, Baumann W, Drexler HJ, Jackstell R, Junge H, Beller M (2016)
NNP-type pincer imidazolylphosphine ruthenium complexes: efficient base-free hydrogenation of aromatic and aliphatic nitriles under mild conditions. Chem Eur J 22:4991–5002
Catalytic Conversion of Nitriles by Metal Pincer Complexes
373