Broensted
A Danish chemist who developed the concept of acid and
bases. He classified substances according to their ability to
either transfer protons to a second species (or even
intramolecularly) or to release OH
− moieties in water
solution. The former are said acids and the latter bases.
Building-block
A moiety that enters as such in the molecular structure of a
more complex species.
Byproduct
A product formed besides the main target species in a
chemical reaction.
C
CAPEX
Capital expenditure, the amount of money necessary to
build a plant, investment.
Carbide
Binary compound formed between a metal and carbon,
M x C y . Among carbides, well known are CaC 2 (that
upon reaction with water originates CaO and acetylene,
HCCH, used in the past as a lamp gas) and Fe x C y , an
alloy containing 2–4.3% C used for cast in a mould.
Carbonation
A reaction in which the entire CO 2 moiety is trapped
into a product: inorganic or organic carbonate.
Catalyst
A species that can modify the reaction path by
modifying the nature of the intermediate and, thus, its
energy with respect to the reagents. Usually, a catalyst
has a positive effect and, by lowering the energy of the
intermediate(s), accelerates the reaction. Anyway, there
are also negative catalysts which prevent a reaction to
occur.
CCS
Carbon (CO 2 ) Capture and Storage or disposal in
natural fields.
CCU
Carbon (CO 2 ) Capture and Utilization as a technical
fluid or reagent.
Chemical bond
A bond formed between two elements by sharing one or
more electron-pairs (covalent bond) or by transfer of
one or more electrons (ionic bond).
Chlorofluorocarbons
Molecules in which to a skeleton of bonded C-atoms are
linked Cl and F atoms, eventually in addition to
H-atoms.
Circular economy
A Nature-like economic system in which waste is not
produced.
Climate change
Climatic mutation with respect to historical trend.
Cluster
A number of units (atoms, chemical processes) close in
space and interconnected.
250
Appendix I
A Danish chemist who developed the concept of acid and
bases. He classified substances according to their ability to
either transfer protons to a second species (or even
intramolecularly) or to release OH
− moieties in water
solution. The former are said acids and the latter bases.
Building-block
A moiety that enters as such in the molecular structure of a
more complex species.
Byproduct
A product formed besides the main target species in a
chemical reaction.
C
CAPEX
Capital expenditure, the amount of money necessary to
build a plant, investment.
Carbide
Binary compound formed between a metal and carbon,
M x C y . Among carbides, well known are CaC 2 (that
upon reaction with water originates CaO and acetylene,
HCCH, used in the past as a lamp gas) and Fe x C y , an
alloy containing 2–4.3% C used for cast in a mould.
Carbonation
A reaction in which the entire CO 2 moiety is trapped
into a product: inorganic or organic carbonate.
Catalyst
A species that can modify the reaction path by
modifying the nature of the intermediate and, thus, its
energy with respect to the reagents. Usually, a catalyst
has a positive effect and, by lowering the energy of the
intermediate(s), accelerates the reaction. Anyway, there
are also negative catalysts which prevent a reaction to
occur.
CCS
Carbon (CO 2 ) Capture and Storage or disposal in
natural fields.
CCU
Carbon (CO 2 ) Capture and Utilization as a technical
fluid or reagent.
Chemical bond
A bond formed between two elements by sharing one or
more electron-pairs (covalent bond) or by transfer of
one or more electrons (ionic bond).
Chlorofluorocarbons
Molecules in which to a skeleton of bonded C-atoms are
linked Cl and F atoms, eventually in addition to
H-atoms.
Circular economy
A Nature-like economic system in which waste is not
produced.
Climate change
Climatic mutation with respect to historical trend.
Cluster
A number of units (atoms, chemical processes) close in
space and interconnected.
250
Appendix I