40 Feasibility Study for Electric Vehicle Utilization as Grid …
611
40.3.3 Feed-in-Tariffs (FITs)
Feed-in-tariffs (FITs) is a policy mechanism designed to accelerate investment in
renewable energy technologies. To achieve this goal, the government, as policy
maker, offers long-term contracts and higher prices for renewable energy supplier
based on the generation cost of each technology and time of use. Currently, PLN
as retailed operator is still implemented fixed tariff that provides electricity selling
prices for household consumers and 65% of regular tariff to buy the electricity from
rooftop solar panel to EV owners in accordance to the current PLN regular tariffs
(IDR 1467/kWh), which is equal to 10 ¢/kWh. In this study, the proposed tariff based
on cost generation called natural tariffs, is compared with the regular one to attract
V2G participation and reduce the cost of charging. Besides, this tariff is expected to
be able to improve the generation cost that is mainly covered by fossil fuel.
The natural tariff is obtained from the fluctuation of the cost of the composition
of the energy mix, with an additional margin that is close to the average PLN regular
tariffs. This tariff is calculated from the fuel cost ( P i ) and total supply (S i ) from
each unit power plant of the different fuel resources, which depends on the energy
mix for every 30 min. The total generation cost (C) from each fuel can be calculated
by summing up all unit of the power generators from the different fuel resources
with follow definition ( j = type of generation such as G: geothermal; CP: coal;
CC: combine cycle; H: Hydro; GT: gas turbine; GE: gas engine and i = number of
generation units). The total unit of power plants that are involved in this calculation
is about 223 units of generator with different type of sources.
Total supply S tot =
j
n
i=1
S j i
(40.1)
Cost per fuel composition C =
n
i=1 P i S i
S tot
(40.2)
Natural Tariff
j
C j
(3)
40.3.4 Input Parameter
To analyze the potential of benefit from technical parameters, several assumptions
have been set, including: (a) the forecasted number of EVs will reach to one million
in 2035, (b) the chargers have an average capacity of 3 kW, (c) the charger has a loss
per pass of 5%, (d) EVs have average battery capacity of 24 kWh with efficiency
of 95%, and (e) depth of discharge (DoD) limitation is 85%. In addition, the V2G
participation percentage is set to 30%, considering early and developed adoption,
respectively as shown in Table 40.2).
611
40.3.3 Feed-in-Tariffs (FITs)
Feed-in-tariffs (FITs) is a policy mechanism designed to accelerate investment in
renewable energy technologies. To achieve this goal, the government, as policy
maker, offers long-term contracts and higher prices for renewable energy supplier
based on the generation cost of each technology and time of use. Currently, PLN
as retailed operator is still implemented fixed tariff that provides electricity selling
prices for household consumers and 65% of regular tariff to buy the electricity from
rooftop solar panel to EV owners in accordance to the current PLN regular tariffs
(IDR 1467/kWh), which is equal to 10 ¢/kWh. In this study, the proposed tariff based
on cost generation called natural tariffs, is compared with the regular one to attract
V2G participation and reduce the cost of charging. Besides, this tariff is expected to
be able to improve the generation cost that is mainly covered by fossil fuel.
The natural tariff is obtained from the fluctuation of the cost of the composition
of the energy mix, with an additional margin that is close to the average PLN regular
tariffs. This tariff is calculated from the fuel cost ( P i ) and total supply (S i ) from
each unit power plant of the different fuel resources, which depends on the energy
mix for every 30 min. The total generation cost (C) from each fuel can be calculated
by summing up all unit of the power generators from the different fuel resources
with follow definition ( j = type of generation such as G: geothermal; CP: coal;
CC: combine cycle; H: Hydro; GT: gas turbine; GE: gas engine and i = number of
generation units). The total unit of power plants that are involved in this calculation
is about 223 units of generator with different type of sources.
Total supply S tot =
j
n
i=1
S j i
(40.1)
Cost per fuel composition C =
n
i=1 P i S i
S tot
(40.2)
Natural Tariff
j
C j
(3)
40.3.4 Input Parameter
To analyze the potential of benefit from technical parameters, several assumptions
have been set, including: (a) the forecasted number of EVs will reach to one million
in 2035, (b) the chargers have an average capacity of 3 kW, (c) the charger has a loss
per pass of 5%, (d) EVs have average battery capacity of 24 kWh with efficiency
of 95%, and (e) depth of discharge (DoD) limitation is 85%. In addition, the V2G
participation percentage is set to 30%, considering early and developed adoption,
respectively as shown in Table 40.2).