40 Feasibility Study for Electric Vehicle Utilization as Grid …
607
Fig. 40.1 V2G concept
solar, home batteries, electric vehicles and their charging point that communicate to
each other and response to signals from the grid (Balamurugan et al. 2012). These
alternatives energy resources are connected to the power grid into the household
consumers, especially when the grid insufficient to supply their demand, therefore,
reduce their electricity bill (Mandelli 2015). In the future, more people own EVs,
smart appliance and home energy management system that can coordinate and control
their energy use (Gelazanskas and Gamage 2014). These behavior create lot of challenges for the current system to overcome, including how to manage the voltage or
predict supply and demand (Gayathri et al. 2015). Figure 40.1 shows a conceptual
diagram of V2G as DERs providing ancillary services to the grid.
The integration of all power resources can make electricity network stronger and
more affordable (Lund et al. 2017). As well as being renewable, the world future
energy trend will be small-scale and largely distributed. There are several considerations to identify the barriers of these system such as consumption pattern, weather
condition, and electricity market, which are the important part to take additional
benefits of DERs. This study focuses on the feasibility of V2G as distributed energy
system that take part to peak load cut based on driving pattern consideration and
electricity market model in Indonesia.
40.1.2 Indonesia Power System Condition
Indonesia, representing the developing country, set a target to adopt high portion
of new and renewable energy, and reduce the fossil fuel usage as spinning reserve.
However, the country still commits to develop coal power plants to support the
economic growth (PT PLN (Persero). PLN Statsistics. 2017; Prananto et al. 2018).
The fossil fuel usage has been dominating the energy mix that contribute to 37.7%
and 41% for fuel cost of coal and gas, respectively, as shown in Fig. 40.2 (Ren
DIR, Pln PT. RUPTL PT PLN (PERSERO) 2018:2018–27). On the other hands,
peak demand on the whole day still occurs in the certain time that causes a big gap
607
Fig. 40.1 V2G concept
solar, home batteries, electric vehicles and their charging point that communicate to
each other and response to signals from the grid (Balamurugan et al. 2012). These
alternatives energy resources are connected to the power grid into the household
consumers, especially when the grid insufficient to supply their demand, therefore,
reduce their electricity bill (Mandelli 2015). In the future, more people own EVs,
smart appliance and home energy management system that can coordinate and control
their energy use (Gelazanskas and Gamage 2014). These behavior create lot of challenges for the current system to overcome, including how to manage the voltage or
predict supply and demand (Gayathri et al. 2015). Figure 40.1 shows a conceptual
diagram of V2G as DERs providing ancillary services to the grid.
The integration of all power resources can make electricity network stronger and
more affordable (Lund et al. 2017). As well as being renewable, the world future
energy trend will be small-scale and largely distributed. There are several considerations to identify the barriers of these system such as consumption pattern, weather
condition, and electricity market, which are the important part to take additional
benefits of DERs. This study focuses on the feasibility of V2G as distributed energy
system that take part to peak load cut based on driving pattern consideration and
electricity market model in Indonesia.
40.1.2 Indonesia Power System Condition
Indonesia, representing the developing country, set a target to adopt high portion
of new and renewable energy, and reduce the fossil fuel usage as spinning reserve.
However, the country still commits to develop coal power plants to support the
economic growth (PT PLN (Persero). PLN Statsistics. 2017; Prananto et al. 2018).
The fossil fuel usage has been dominating the energy mix that contribute to 37.7%
and 41% for fuel cost of coal and gas, respectively, as shown in Fig. 40.2 (Ren
DIR, Pln PT. RUPTL PT PLN (PERSERO) 2018:2018–27). On the other hands,
peak demand on the whole day still occurs in the certain time that causes a big gap