180
Y. A. Fatimah et al.
12.4 Validating and Revising the Conceptual Framework
Based on Local Phenomenon and Tradition
In the validating analysis, it was found that there is a specific waste characteristic
for a variety of animal edible materials and a combined waste bank that has not been
discussed in the proposed conceptual framework.
12.4.1 Validating Framework Based on Local Phenomenon
and Tradition
Waste characterization is an essential part of waste collection and sorting in a region.
Waste is usually characterized into some fractions including organic (e.g. food
from the household, vegetables, and fruits from markets) and non-organic waste
(e.g. plastic, paper, metals, glass) (Aprilia et al. 2013; Tchobanoglous et al. 1993).
Different natural factors (e.g. geographical area, climate) and human life factors (e.g.
household income, culture) in certain region produce different waste characteristic
(Han et al. 2015, 2018). There are some effective waste treatments promoted to
create values from the waste. Composting, fermentation, bioreactor landfill, semiaerobic landfill, and waste to energy are common effective treatment technologies for
organic waste, while recycling, repair, reconditioning, remanufacturing are an effective treatment for non-organic waste (Han et al. 2015; King et al. 2006; Tisserant
et al. 2017; Jereme et al. 2014). The selection of an appropriate treatment technology
is depending on the characteristic of the waste.
Smart and sustainable urban and semi-urban waste management system does
not mean blindly using ICT, forgetting local wisdom, and avoiding the indigenous
phenomenon. In this research, smart and sustainable waste management is defined
as a waste management system which able to manage resources and waste efficiently
by respecting local wisdom and phenomenon and by optimizing the use of ICT and
IoT.
Therefore, some old tradition and local circumstance are considered in order to
optimize waste management. An old tradition of Ancient India for maintaining the
environment through a rectangular waste recycle method represents an old practice
of sustainable waste management (ScienceIndia 2017). Aztec waste management
is the other old tradition which shows how the ancient people already aware of
the resource conservation through a zero-waste society (United Nations University
2014). Waste community (i.e. waste pickers or scavenger) in some countries such as
Nepal, Nigeria, China, and India has become important component of the sustainable waste management system. It is approved that their participation in the waste
collection system significantly reduces the amount of waste in the countries (Han
et al. 2018; Oguntoyinbo 2012; Li et al. 2012).
Y. A. Fatimah et al.
12.4 Validating and Revising the Conceptual Framework
Based on Local Phenomenon and Tradition
In the validating analysis, it was found that there is a specific waste characteristic
for a variety of animal edible materials and a combined waste bank that has not been
discussed in the proposed conceptual framework.
12.4.1 Validating Framework Based on Local Phenomenon
and Tradition
Waste characterization is an essential part of waste collection and sorting in a region.
Waste is usually characterized into some fractions including organic (e.g. food
from the household, vegetables, and fruits from markets) and non-organic waste
(e.g. plastic, paper, metals, glass) (Aprilia et al. 2013; Tchobanoglous et al. 1993).
Different natural factors (e.g. geographical area, climate) and human life factors (e.g.
household income, culture) in certain region produce different waste characteristic
(Han et al. 2015, 2018). There are some effective waste treatments promoted to
create values from the waste. Composting, fermentation, bioreactor landfill, semiaerobic landfill, and waste to energy are common effective treatment technologies for
organic waste, while recycling, repair, reconditioning, remanufacturing are an effective treatment for non-organic waste (Han et al. 2015; King et al. 2006; Tisserant
et al. 2017; Jereme et al. 2014). The selection of an appropriate treatment technology
is depending on the characteristic of the waste.
Smart and sustainable urban and semi-urban waste management system does
not mean blindly using ICT, forgetting local wisdom, and avoiding the indigenous
phenomenon. In this research, smart and sustainable waste management is defined
as a waste management system which able to manage resources and waste efficiently
by respecting local wisdom and phenomenon and by optimizing the use of ICT and
IoT.
Therefore, some old tradition and local circumstance are considered in order to
optimize waste management. An old tradition of Ancient India for maintaining the
environment through a rectangular waste recycle method represents an old practice
of sustainable waste management (ScienceIndia 2017). Aztec waste management
is the other old tradition which shows how the ancient people already aware of
the resource conservation through a zero-waste society (United Nations University
2014). Waste community (i.e. waste pickers or scavenger) in some countries such as
Nepal, Nigeria, China, and India has become important component of the sustainable waste management system. It is approved that their participation in the waste
collection system significantly reduces the amount of waste in the countries (Han
et al. 2018; Oguntoyinbo 2012; Li et al. 2012).