66
5 Halo Nuclei: Properties and Experimental Techniques
20,21 B have also been observed from proton removal experiments [58]. For detailed,
in-depth discussion on the production and investigation of beyond drip line unbound
nuclei, we refer to [50].
5.4 Production of RIB and Major Facilities
The production of any Radioactive Ion Beam is basically a two-step process. A
primary beam bombards a target to produce a large number of isotopes. The radioactive isotope to be studied is filtered out and is used as a secondary beam to bombard a
second target to carry out specific nuclear reaction. There are two different techniques
to produce RIB: Isotope separation on line (ISOL) or target fragmentation and InFlight separation technique or projectile fragmentation. The fundamental technical
challenges are due to the very low production cross section of the RIB, production of a
variety of isotopes other than the required one and very short half lives of the isotopes
to be studied. It is therefore, imperative to maximize the production cross section
by judicious selection of target-projectile combination, very efficient separation of
the isotopes of interest and their efficient transportation to the secondary target. All
these pose formidable challenges to the accelerator scientists and engineers. In case
of ISOL technique, a primary light ion beam of high energy (say proton of several
hundred MeV or more) is allowed to bombard a thick and hot target to produce
a variety of isotopes by multi-fragmentation of the target. The isotope of interest
is diffused out of the hot target and is fed to an ion-source, extracted and further
accelerated to produce high energy secondary ion beam. The secondary ion-beam is
guided to the secondary target to carry out the nuclear reaction. In case of In-Flight
technique, a heavy-ion primary beam at relativistic energy (say ~1 GeV/nucleon) is
allowed to get fragmented by bombarding on a thin target. The fragment of interest is
separated through a fragment separator and is guided to the secondary target for the
nuclear reaction. Remarkable progress in the RIB research over last several decades
have resulted in the production of a very large number of short-lived isotopes, both
neutron-rich and proton-rich and have helped us expand the known region of the
segre chart. For a very recent and comprehensive review of the field, we refer to [59]
and references therein. For the sake of completeness, we tabulate below some of the
leading ISOL and In-Flight facilities currently in operation.
Major In-Flight Facilities
GANIL
Caen, France
GSI
Darmstadt, Germany
NSCL/MSU East Lansing, Michigan, USA
RIBF, RIKEN Tokyo, Japan
Major ISOL Facilities
REX-ISOLDE CERN, Geneva
5 Halo Nuclei: Properties and Experimental Techniques
20,21 B have also been observed from proton removal experiments [58]. For detailed,
in-depth discussion on the production and investigation of beyond drip line unbound
nuclei, we refer to [50].
5.4 Production of RIB and Major Facilities
The production of any Radioactive Ion Beam is basically a two-step process. A
primary beam bombards a target to produce a large number of isotopes. The radioactive isotope to be studied is filtered out and is used as a secondary beam to bombard a
second target to carry out specific nuclear reaction. There are two different techniques
to produce RIB: Isotope separation on line (ISOL) or target fragmentation and InFlight separation technique or projectile fragmentation. The fundamental technical
challenges are due to the very low production cross section of the RIB, production of a
variety of isotopes other than the required one and very short half lives of the isotopes
to be studied. It is therefore, imperative to maximize the production cross section
by judicious selection of target-projectile combination, very efficient separation of
the isotopes of interest and their efficient transportation to the secondary target. All
these pose formidable challenges to the accelerator scientists and engineers. In case
of ISOL technique, a primary light ion beam of high energy (say proton of several
hundred MeV or more) is allowed to bombard a thick and hot target to produce
a variety of isotopes by multi-fragmentation of the target. The isotope of interest
is diffused out of the hot target and is fed to an ion-source, extracted and further
accelerated to produce high energy secondary ion beam. The secondary ion-beam is
guided to the secondary target to carry out the nuclear reaction. In case of In-Flight
technique, a heavy-ion primary beam at relativistic energy (say ~1 GeV/nucleon) is
allowed to get fragmented by bombarding on a thin target. The fragment of interest is
separated through a fragment separator and is guided to the secondary target for the
nuclear reaction. Remarkable progress in the RIB research over last several decades
have resulted in the production of a very large number of short-lived isotopes, both
neutron-rich and proton-rich and have helped us expand the known region of the
segre chart. For a very recent and comprehensive review of the field, we refer to [59]
and references therein. For the sake of completeness, we tabulate below some of the
leading ISOL and In-Flight facilities currently in operation.
Major In-Flight Facilities
GANIL
Caen, France
GSI
Darmstadt, Germany
NSCL/MSU East Lansing, Michigan, USA
RIBF, RIKEN Tokyo, Japan
Major ISOL Facilities
REX-ISOLDE CERN, Geneva