CONTENTS
Vii
5.2 Carbon Molecules 103
5.2.1 Nature of the Carbon Bond 103
5.2.2 New Carbon Structures 105
5.3 Carbon Clusters 106
5.3.1 Small Carbon Clusters 106
5.3.2 Discovery of c 6 0 107
5.3.3
5.3.4 Alkali-Doped c 6 0 110
5.3.5 Superconductivity in c 6 0 112
5.3.6
5.3.7 Other Buckyballs 113
Structure of c 6 0 and Its Crystal 110
Larger and Smaller Fullerenes 113
5.4 Carbon Nanotubes 114
5.4.1 Fabrication 114
5.4.2 Structure 117
5.4.3 Electrical Properties 11 8
5.4.4 Vibrational Properties 122
5.4.5 Mechanical Properties 123
5.5 Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 125
5.5.1
5.5.2 Computers 126
5.5.3 Fuel Cells 127
5.5.4 Chemical Sensors 128
5.5.5 Catalysis 129
5.5.6 Mechanical Reinforcement 130
Field Emission and Shielding 125
6 Bulk Nanostructured Materials
6.1 Solid Disordered Nanostructures 133
6.1.1 Methods of Synthesis 133
6.1.2 Failure Mechanisms of Conventional
Grain-Sized Materials 137
6.1.3 Mechanical Properties 139
6.1.4 Nanostructured Multilayers 141
6.1.5 Electrical Properties 142
6.1.6 Other Properties 147
6.1.7
6.1.8 Porous Silicon 150
Metal Nanocluster Composite Glasses 148
6.2 Nanostructured Crystals 153
6.2.1 Natural Nanocrystals 153
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
Computational Prediction of Cluster Lattices 153
Arrays of Nanoparticles in Zeolites 154
Crystals of Metal Nanoparticles 157
133