Vi
CONTENTS
3.2.3 Particle Size Determination 42
3.2.4 Surface Structure 45
3.3 Microscopy 46
3.3.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy 46
3.3.2 Field Ion Microscopy 51
3.3.3 Scanning Microscopy 51
3.4 Spectroscopy 58
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3 Magnetic Resonance 68
Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy 58
Photoemission and X-Ray Spectroscopy 62
4 Properties of Individual Nanoparticles
4.1 Introduction 72
4.2 Metal Nanoclusters 74
4.2.1 Magic Numbers 74
4.2.2
4.2.3 Geometric Structure 78
4.2.4 Electronic Structure 81
4.2.5 Reactivity 83
4.2.6 Fluctuations 86
4.2.7 Magnetic Clusters 86
4.2.8 Bulk to Nanotransition 88
4.3 Semiconducting Nanoparticles 90
4.3.1 Optical Properties 90
4.3.2 Photofkagmentation 92
4.3.3 Coulombic Explosion 93
4.4 Rare Gas and Molecular Clusters 94
4.4.1 Inert-Gas Clusters 94
4.4.2 Superfluid Clusters 95
4.4.3 Molecular Clusters 96
Theoretical Modeling of Nanoparticles 75
4.5 Methods of Synthesis 97
4.5.1 RF Plasma 97
4.5.2 Chemical Methods 98
4.5.3 Thermolysis 99
4.5.4 Pulsed Laser Methods 100
4.6 Conclusion 101
5 Carbon Nanostructures
5.1 Introduction 103
72
103