E1BINDEX 09/09/2010
18:13:50 Page 588
O
Obstruction meter, 427
selection, 441
standards, 430
Ohmmeter, 219
On-track effects, 406
Optical cable, 252
Optical fiber thermometer, 355–356
Optical pyrometer, 355
Optical strain measurements, 492
Orifice meter, 430
discharge coefficient, 430
expansion factor, 430
pressure loss, 431
tap location, 430
uncertainty, 430
Oscilloscope, 215–217
Outlier, 147
Chauvenet’s criterion, 147, 148
three-sigma test, 147
Output, 15, 41
Output stage, 4
Overall instrument error, 23
Overdamped system, 96
P
Parallel communication, 284, 293, 296
Parameter, 8
Parity, 294
Particle image velocimetry, 413, 415
Peltier coefficient, 332
Peltier effect, 331, 332
Peltier, Jean Charles Athanase, 332
Pendulum scale, 44
Period, 9, 24, 27, 46, 47
Periodic function, 50, 52, 53, 59
Perturbation, sequential, 174–176
Phase
angle, 50, 57
linearity, 106
shift, 66, 93, 100, 106, 110
Photoelastic strain measurements. See
Strain measurements, photoelastic
Piezoelectric, 82, 236, 391, 515, 516, 527,
528
Piezoresistance coefficient, 470, 475
Pitot-static tube, 405
uncertainty, 406
Pitot tube (Prandtl), 397
Planck’s constant, 352
Platinum resistance thermometer. See
Thermometer, platinum resistance
Poiseulle, Jean, 445
Poisson’s ratio, 389, 468, 470
Polariscope, 493–495
Polarization, 411, 492, 493
Pooled sample mean, 134–135
Pooled standard deviation, of the means,
135
Pooled statistics, 134–135
Pop test, 393, 394
Population,125,129,130,161,172
Positive displacement flow meter, 446,
454, 459, 460
uncertainty, 454, 459
Potentiometer, 217–218. See also
Displacement measurement,
potentiometer
Power measurement, 529–530
Power spectrum, 65
Prandtl tube, 398, 399
Precison error, 171n
Precision estimate
of the slope, 144
of the zero intercept, 144
Precision interval, 130, 131, 136, 137
Pressure
absolute, 84, 376, 378
differential, 376, 380, 381, 383, 390,
439
dynamic, 389, 396, 397, 406, 407
freestream, 397
gauges, 179, 237, 292, 390, 449, 469,
471, 475, 479, 482, 483, 485, 488,
525, 529. See also Pressure,
transducer
head, 377
reference instruments, 378
reference standards, 28
static, 395, 398–399, 401
total, 397, 406
Pressure transducer
Bourdon tube, 386, 387
calibration, 11, 15–18, 28, 378, 392
capacitance, 390
compliance, 404
dead volume, 401
diaphragm, 389
linear variable displacement, 388
piezoelectric, 391, 392
piezoresistive, 390
potentiometric, 388
uncertainty, 396
Pressure elements
bellows, 388
Bourdon tube, 386
capacitance, 390
capsule, 388
diaphragm, 389
strain gauge, 389–390
Primary standards, 23–24
Probability, 118
density, 119
function, 120–122
Prony brake, 530, 531
Propagation of error, 172
Propagation of uncertainty, 188
root-sum-square (RSS) method,
174
uncertainty in the result, 188
Proving ring, 525, 527–529
Pyranometer, 354
Q
Quantization, 43–44, 273–274
error, 274–275
R
Radiation
blackbody, 355
detectors, 353
emissive power, 351, 352
shield, 362
temperature measurement, 351, 352
wavelength distribution, 352
Radiative temperature measurement, 351,
352
Radiometer, 353, 354
RAM. See Random access memory
Random access memory (RAM), 294
Random calibration, 21
Randomization methods, 9
Random test, 10, 20
Random uncertainty. See Uncertainty,
random
Random variable, 120
Range, 16, 20
full-scale-operating (FSO), 16, 20
Rayleigh relation, 407
Recovery factor, 363, 364
Rectangular distribution, 150, 151, 177,
198
standard uncertainty, 177
Reference junction, 333–335
compensation, 335
Register, 269
Regression analysis, 139–140
Repeatability, 18, 20, 22, 168, 171
Repetition, 13
Replication, 13, 14, 134
Replication-level analysis, 171
Reproducibility, 23
Resistance
analog measurement, 219–226
dimensions, 27
fluid, 313, 314
temperature detector, 315, 316
construction, 316
platinum, 317
thin-film, 323
Resistivity electrical, 470
temperature coefficient of, 315
Resolution, 16–18, 164, 171, 177, 180,
274, 275, 282, 344
Resonance, 101–102
band, 101–102
frequency, 101–102, 111, 516
Reynolds number, 8, 364, 406, 425, 429,
430, 437, 445, 446, 449, 450, 452
Ringing frequency, 97–99, 102
Rise time, determination of, 98–99
ROM. See Read-only memory
Root-mean-square
analog signal, 47
588 Index
18:13:50 Page 588
O
Obstruction meter, 427
selection, 441
standards, 430
Ohmmeter, 219
On-track effects, 406
Optical cable, 252
Optical fiber thermometer, 355–356
Optical pyrometer, 355
Optical strain measurements, 492
Orifice meter, 430
discharge coefficient, 430
expansion factor, 430
pressure loss, 431
tap location, 430
uncertainty, 430
Oscilloscope, 215–217
Outlier, 147
Chauvenet’s criterion, 147, 148
three-sigma test, 147
Output, 15, 41
Output stage, 4
Overall instrument error, 23
Overdamped system, 96
P
Parallel communication, 284, 293, 296
Parameter, 8
Parity, 294
Particle image velocimetry, 413, 415
Peltier coefficient, 332
Peltier effect, 331, 332
Peltier, Jean Charles Athanase, 332
Pendulum scale, 44
Period, 9, 24, 27, 46, 47
Periodic function, 50, 52, 53, 59
Perturbation, sequential, 174–176
Phase
angle, 50, 57
linearity, 106
shift, 66, 93, 100, 106, 110
Photoelastic strain measurements. See
Strain measurements, photoelastic
Piezoelectric, 82, 236, 391, 515, 516, 527,
528
Piezoresistance coefficient, 470, 475
Pitot-static tube, 405
uncertainty, 406
Pitot tube (Prandtl), 397
Planck’s constant, 352
Platinum resistance thermometer. See
Thermometer, platinum resistance
Poiseulle, Jean, 445
Poisson’s ratio, 389, 468, 470
Polariscope, 493–495
Polarization, 411, 492, 493
Pooled sample mean, 134–135
Pooled standard deviation, of the means,
135
Pooled statistics, 134–135
Pop test, 393, 394
Population,125,129,130,161,172
Positive displacement flow meter, 446,
454, 459, 460
uncertainty, 454, 459
Potentiometer, 217–218. See also
Displacement measurement,
potentiometer
Power measurement, 529–530
Power spectrum, 65
Prandtl tube, 398, 399
Precison error, 171n
Precision estimate
of the slope, 144
of the zero intercept, 144
Precision interval, 130, 131, 136, 137
Pressure
absolute, 84, 376, 378
differential, 376, 380, 381, 383, 390,
439
dynamic, 389, 396, 397, 406, 407
freestream, 397
gauges, 179, 237, 292, 390, 449, 469,
471, 475, 479, 482, 483, 485, 488,
525, 529. See also Pressure,
transducer
head, 377
reference instruments, 378
reference standards, 28
static, 395, 398–399, 401
total, 397, 406
Pressure transducer
Bourdon tube, 386, 387
calibration, 11, 15–18, 28, 378, 392
capacitance, 390
compliance, 404
dead volume, 401
diaphragm, 389
linear variable displacement, 388
piezoelectric, 391, 392
piezoresistive, 390
potentiometric, 388
uncertainty, 396
Pressure elements
bellows, 388
Bourdon tube, 386
capacitance, 390
capsule, 388
diaphragm, 389
strain gauge, 389–390
Primary standards, 23–24
Probability, 118
density, 119
function, 120–122
Prony brake, 530, 531
Propagation of error, 172
Propagation of uncertainty, 188
root-sum-square (RSS) method,
174
uncertainty in the result, 188
Proving ring, 525, 527–529
Pyranometer, 354
Q
Quantization, 43–44, 273–274
error, 274–275
R
Radiation
blackbody, 355
detectors, 353
emissive power, 351, 352
shield, 362
temperature measurement, 351, 352
wavelength distribution, 352
Radiative temperature measurement, 351,
352
Radiometer, 353, 354
RAM. See Random access memory
Random access memory (RAM), 294
Random calibration, 21
Randomization methods, 9
Random test, 10, 20
Random uncertainty. See Uncertainty,
random
Random variable, 120
Range, 16, 20
full-scale-operating (FSO), 16, 20
Rayleigh relation, 407
Recovery factor, 363, 364
Rectangular distribution, 150, 151, 177,
198
standard uncertainty, 177
Reference junction, 333–335
compensation, 335
Register, 269
Regression analysis, 139–140
Repeatability, 18, 20, 22, 168, 171
Repetition, 13
Replication, 13, 14, 134
Replication-level analysis, 171
Reproducibility, 23
Resistance
analog measurement, 219–226
dimensions, 27
fluid, 313, 314
temperature detector, 315, 316
construction, 316
platinum, 317
thin-film, 323
Resistivity electrical, 470
temperature coefficient of, 315
Resolution, 16–18, 164, 171, 177, 180,
274, 275, 282, 344
Resonance, 101–102
band, 101–102
frequency, 101–102, 111, 516
Reynolds number, 8, 364, 406, 425, 429,
430, 437, 445, 446, 449, 450, 452
Ringing frequency, 97–99, 102
Rise time, determination of, 98–99
ROM. See Read-only memory
Root-mean-square
analog signal, 47
588 Index