E1BINDEX 09/09/2010
18:13:50 Page 587
alias, 263
bandwidth, 94, 102, 415
circular, 25, 51
cut-off, 239, 241
cyclical, 25
distribution, 121
fundamental, 53
natural, 98, 392
Nyquist, 264
response, 93
determination of, 95
Frontinius, Sextus, 424
Function:
aperiodic, 44
even, 57
odd, 57
periodic, 52
G
Galvanometer, 211
Gauge blocks, 192
Gauge factor, 473, 475
Gauge length, 472
Gaussian distribution. See Normal
distribution
General purpose interface bus (GPIB),
295
Goodness-of-fit test, 138
Gosset, William, 131
Ground loops, 250, 251, 356
common-mode voltage, 251
H
Handshake, 293, 294
Harmonics, 53, 70, 264, 507
Harmonization, 53, 56
Hero of Alexandria, 423
Herschel, Clemens, 432
Higher-order uncertainty, 177
High-pass filter. See Filter, high-pass
Histogram, 121
Hooke’s law, 467
Hot-film sensor, 409, 415
Hot-wire sensor, 408, 410, 415
Hypsometer, 370
Hysteresis, 20
I
Impedance matching, 226
Inertance, 400
Infinite statistics, 130
Input, 4, 15
Insertion error, 356–357
Instrument error. See Error, instrument
Instrument precision (specification), 23
Instrument uncertainty, 23, 164–166, 178
Interference, 9–12, 14
Interferometer, 497
Interlaboratory comparison, 170, 171
International Temperature Scale of 1990
(ITS-90), 312
Interpolation. See Temperature,
interpolation
Interrupt, 289
Invar, 315
Isoclinics, 495
International Standards Organization. See
ISO
ISO, 30, 432
guide to uncertainty in measurements,
162
ITS-90. See International Temperature
Scale of 1990
K
Kiel probe, 397
King’s law, 408
L
Laboratory reports, 563
Laminar flow meter, 445
turndown, 445
uncertainty, 446
Laser Doppler anemometer, 410–412, 415
Least squares method, 91n, 140–143, 147
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 61n
Linear variable differential transformer,
505, 506
excitation, 508
Linkwitz–Riley filter. See Filter,
Linkwitz–Riley
Linnaeus, Carolis, 310
Liquid-in-glass thermometer. See
Thermometer, liquid-in-glass
Load cell, 475, 525–529
piezoelectric, 525–526
strain gauge, 475, 525
Loading error, 212, 217, 221, 226–230,
282, 298, 319, 338, 386, 525
interstage, 226, 228–230
voltage dividing circuit, 226–228
Low-pass filter. See Filter, low-pass
Lumped parameter, 80–82, 84, 89, 400,
402, 403
LVDT. See Linear variable differential
transformer
M
Mach number, 364–365, 407, 450
Magnitude ratio, 93–95, 100–101, 104,
105, 110, 111, 239–242, 244, 245,
249, 515
Magnitude, signal, 5, 42–44, 80, 214, 230
Manometer, 380
inclined, 382, 383
micromanometer, 381, 382
uncertainty, 382
U-tube, 381–383
Mass, 24
Mass flow meter, 454–459
Coriolis, 456–459
thermal, 455–456
Mass flow rate, 423, 424, 440, 454–455,
457–460
McLeod gauge, 378–379, 392
uncertainty, 379
Mean value, 46, 47, 118–120, 125, 126,
130, 132–135, 140, 147, 149, 152,
171–174, 185, 190
digital signal, 47
discrete time signal, 47
sample mean, 119
true mean, 120
Measurand, 119
Measured variable, 2, 119–120
Measurement system, 2, 187
first-order, 85, 241
general model, 81
second-order, 95
zero-order, 83
Measurement uncertainty:
random, 182
systematic, 183
Memory, 269
Metals, properties of, 569
Method of least squares. See Least squares
Metrology, standard, 162
Modem, 293
Modified three-sigma test, 147
Modulus of elasticity, 403, 467, 468,
527
Moire strain measurement. See Strain
measurement, Moire
Monostable circuit, 238
Monte Carlo, 150
method, 176
numerical tolerance, 176
simulations, 119, 150–152, 176
Moving coil transducer, 520–522
Mueller bridge. See Bridge circuits,
Mueller
Multiple measurement uncertainty,
182–195
Multiplexer, 286
Multivibrator, 237–239
N
National Institute of Standards and
Technology. See NIST
Network model, 401
Newton, Sir Isaac, 424
NIST, 313, 319, 336, 337, 348, 349, 460
NIST-RTD, 319
NIST-temperature, 314
Noise, 7, 9, 11, 234, 237, 251, 280, 290,
300, 348, 448, 519, 525
Nondeterministic signal, 45
Normal distribution, 126, 129, 130, 132,
136, 138, 139, 151
Normal error function, 126
Nth-order uncertainty, 178, 179, 181
Nyquist frequency. See Frequency,
Nyquist
Index 587
18:13:50 Page 587
alias, 263
bandwidth, 94, 102, 415
circular, 25, 51
cut-off, 239, 241
cyclical, 25
distribution, 121
fundamental, 53
natural, 98, 392
Nyquist, 264
response, 93
determination of, 95
Frontinius, Sextus, 424
Function:
aperiodic, 44
even, 57
odd, 57
periodic, 52
G
Galvanometer, 211
Gauge blocks, 192
Gauge factor, 473, 475
Gauge length, 472
Gaussian distribution. See Normal
distribution
General purpose interface bus (GPIB),
295
Goodness-of-fit test, 138
Gosset, William, 131
Ground loops, 250, 251, 356
common-mode voltage, 251
H
Handshake, 293, 294
Harmonics, 53, 70, 264, 507
Harmonization, 53, 56
Hero of Alexandria, 423
Herschel, Clemens, 432
Higher-order uncertainty, 177
High-pass filter. See Filter, high-pass
Histogram, 121
Hooke’s law, 467
Hot-film sensor, 409, 415
Hot-wire sensor, 408, 410, 415
Hypsometer, 370
Hysteresis, 20
I
Impedance matching, 226
Inertance, 400
Infinite statistics, 130
Input, 4, 15
Insertion error, 356–357
Instrument error. See Error, instrument
Instrument precision (specification), 23
Instrument uncertainty, 23, 164–166, 178
Interference, 9–12, 14
Interferometer, 497
Interlaboratory comparison, 170, 171
International Temperature Scale of 1990
(ITS-90), 312
Interpolation. See Temperature,
interpolation
Interrupt, 289
Invar, 315
Isoclinics, 495
International Standards Organization. See
ISO
ISO, 30, 432
guide to uncertainty in measurements,
162
ITS-90. See International Temperature
Scale of 1990
K
Kiel probe, 397
King’s law, 408
L
Laboratory reports, 563
Laminar flow meter, 445
turndown, 445
uncertainty, 446
Laser Doppler anemometer, 410–412, 415
Least squares method, 91n, 140–143, 147
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 61n
Linear variable differential transformer,
505, 506
excitation, 508
Linkwitz–Riley filter. See Filter,
Linkwitz–Riley
Linnaeus, Carolis, 310
Liquid-in-glass thermometer. See
Thermometer, liquid-in-glass
Load cell, 475, 525–529
piezoelectric, 525–526
strain gauge, 475, 525
Loading error, 212, 217, 221, 226–230,
282, 298, 319, 338, 386, 525
interstage, 226, 228–230
voltage dividing circuit, 226–228
Low-pass filter. See Filter, low-pass
Lumped parameter, 80–82, 84, 89, 400,
402, 403
LVDT. See Linear variable differential
transformer
M
Mach number, 364–365, 407, 450
Magnitude ratio, 93–95, 100–101, 104,
105, 110, 111, 239–242, 244, 245,
249, 515
Magnitude, signal, 5, 42–44, 80, 214, 230
Manometer, 380
inclined, 382, 383
micromanometer, 381, 382
uncertainty, 382
U-tube, 381–383
Mass, 24
Mass flow meter, 454–459
Coriolis, 456–459
thermal, 455–456
Mass flow rate, 423, 424, 440, 454–455,
457–460
McLeod gauge, 378–379, 392
uncertainty, 379
Mean value, 46, 47, 118–120, 125, 126,
130, 132–135, 140, 147, 149, 152,
171–174, 185, 190
digital signal, 47
discrete time signal, 47
sample mean, 119
true mean, 120
Measurand, 119
Measured variable, 2, 119–120
Measurement system, 2, 187
first-order, 85, 241
general model, 81
second-order, 95
zero-order, 83
Measurement uncertainty:
random, 182
systematic, 183
Memory, 269
Metals, properties of, 569
Method of least squares. See Least squares
Metrology, standard, 162
Modem, 293
Modified three-sigma test, 147
Modulus of elasticity, 403, 467, 468,
527
Moire strain measurement. See Strain
measurement, Moire
Monostable circuit, 238
Monte Carlo, 150
method, 176
numerical tolerance, 176
simulations, 119, 150–152, 176
Moving coil transducer, 520–522
Mueller bridge. See Bridge circuits,
Mueller
Multiple measurement uncertainty,
182–195
Multiplexer, 286
Multivibrator, 237–239
N
National Institute of Standards and
Technology. See NIST
Network model, 401
Newton, Sir Isaac, 424
NIST, 313, 319, 336, 337, 348, 349, 460
NIST-RTD, 319
NIST-temperature, 314
Noise, 7, 9, 11, 234, 237, 251, 280, 290,
300, 348, 448, 519, 525
Nondeterministic signal, 45
Normal distribution, 126, 129, 130, 132,
136, 138, 139, 151
Normal error function, 126
Nth-order uncertainty, 178, 179, 181
Nyquist frequency. See Frequency,
Nyquist
Index 587