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10.10 SUMMARY
Flow quantification has been an important engineering task for well over two millennia. This chapter
presents methods to determine the volume rate of flow and the mass rate of flow. The engineering
decision involving the selection of a particular meter depends on a number of constraining factors. In
general, flow rate can be determined to within about 0.25% of actual flow rate with the best of
present technology but practical values for industrial installations are more nearly 3–6% for
obstruction meters and 1–3% for insertion meters. However, new methods may push these lower
limits even further, provided that calibration standards can be developed to document method
uncertainties and the effects of installation.
REFERENCES
1. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, PTC 19.5 - Flow Measurements, ASME International, New York, 2005.
2. American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE),
ASHRAE Fundamentals, Rev. ed., ASHRAE, Atlanta, 2009.
3. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes Using
Orifice, Nozzle and Venturi, ASME Standard MFC-3M-1985, ASME International, New
York, 1985.
4. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Measurement of fluid flow by means of
pressure differential devices inserted in circular cross-section conduits: Parts 1 through 4,
ISO 5167, ISO, Geneva, 2003.
5. Rouse, H., and S. Ince, History of Hydraulics, Dover, New York, 1957.
6. Amberg, B. T., A review of critical flowmeters for gas flow measurements, Transactions of the
ASME, 84, 1962, pp. 447–460.
7. Mattingly, G., Fluid measurements: Standards, Calibrations and Traceabilities, Proceedings of
the ASME/AIChE National Heat Transfer Conference, Philadelphia, PA, 1989.
8. Shercliff, J. A., Theory of Electromagnetic Flow Measurement, Cambridge University Press,
New York, 1962.
9. da Vinci, L., Del Moto e Misura Dell’Aqua (English translation), E. Carusi and A. Favaro, eds.,
Zanichelli, Bologna, 1923.
10. Hochreiter, H. M., Dimensionless correlation of coefficients of turbine-type flow-meters,
Transactions of the ASME, 80; 1958, pp. 1363–1368.
11. Lee, W. F., and H. Karlby, A study of viscosity effects and its compensation on turbine flow
meters, Journal of Basic Engineering, 82, 1960, pp. 717–728.
12. Hinze, J. O., Turbulence, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1953.
13. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Measurement of Fluid Flow by Means of Coriolis
Mass Flow Meters, MFC-11M, ASME Inrernational, 2003.
14. Corwon, M., and R. Oliver, Omega-shaped Coriolis-type Mass Flow Meter System, U.S. Patent
4,852,410, 1989.
15. Jorgensen, R. (ed), Fan Engineering, 8th edition, Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, New York,
1983.
16. Crane Company, Flow of Fluids through Valves and Fittings, Technical Paper No. 410, Spiral
Edition, Crane Co., Chicago, 2009.
References 461
13:4:41 Page 461
10.10 SUMMARY
Flow quantification has been an important engineering task for well over two millennia. This chapter
presents methods to determine the volume rate of flow and the mass rate of flow. The engineering
decision involving the selection of a particular meter depends on a number of constraining factors. In
general, flow rate can be determined to within about 0.25% of actual flow rate with the best of
present technology but practical values for industrial installations are more nearly 3–6% for
obstruction meters and 1–3% for insertion meters. However, new methods may push these lower
limits even further, provided that calibration standards can be developed to document method
uncertainties and the effects of installation.
REFERENCES
1. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, PTC 19.5 - Flow Measurements, ASME International, New York, 2005.
2. American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE),
ASHRAE Fundamentals, Rev. ed., ASHRAE, Atlanta, 2009.
3. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes Using
Orifice, Nozzle and Venturi, ASME Standard MFC-3M-1985, ASME International, New
York, 1985.
4. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Measurement of fluid flow by means of
pressure differential devices inserted in circular cross-section conduits: Parts 1 through 4,
ISO 5167, ISO, Geneva, 2003.
5. Rouse, H., and S. Ince, History of Hydraulics, Dover, New York, 1957.
6. Amberg, B. T., A review of critical flowmeters for gas flow measurements, Transactions of the
ASME, 84, 1962, pp. 447–460.
7. Mattingly, G., Fluid measurements: Standards, Calibrations and Traceabilities, Proceedings of
the ASME/AIChE National Heat Transfer Conference, Philadelphia, PA, 1989.
8. Shercliff, J. A., Theory of Electromagnetic Flow Measurement, Cambridge University Press,
New York, 1962.
9. da Vinci, L., Del Moto e Misura Dell’Aqua (English translation), E. Carusi and A. Favaro, eds.,
Zanichelli, Bologna, 1923.
10. Hochreiter, H. M., Dimensionless correlation of coefficients of turbine-type flow-meters,
Transactions of the ASME, 80; 1958, pp. 1363–1368.
11. Lee, W. F., and H. Karlby, A study of viscosity effects and its compensation on turbine flow
meters, Journal of Basic Engineering, 82, 1960, pp. 717–728.
12. Hinze, J. O., Turbulence, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1953.
13. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Measurement of Fluid Flow by Means of Coriolis
Mass Flow Meters, MFC-11M, ASME Inrernational, 2003.
14. Corwon, M., and R. Oliver, Omega-shaped Coriolis-type Mass Flow Meter System, U.S. Patent
4,852,410, 1989.
15. Jorgensen, R. (ed), Fan Engineering, 8th edition, Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, New York,
1983.
16. Crane Company, Flow of Fluids through Valves and Fittings, Technical Paper No. 410, Spiral
Edition, Crane Co., Chicago, 2009.
References 461