slow freezing versus vitrification. Curr Opin
Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 23:445–450
32. Bleil JD, Wassarman PM (1980) Structure and
function of the zona pellucida: identification
and characterization of the proteins of the
mouse oocyte’s zona pellucida. Dev Biol
76:185–202
33. Carroll J, Depypere H, Matthews CD (1990)
Freeze-thaw induced changes of the zona pellucida explains decreased rates of fertilisation in
frozen-thawed mouse oocytes. J Reprod Fertil
90:547–553
34. Larman MG, Sheehan CB, Gardner DK (2006)
Calcium-free
vitrification
reduces
cryoprotectant-induced zona pellucida hardening and increases fertilization rates in mouse
oocytes. Reproduction 131:53–61
35. Bianchi V, Coticchio G, Fava L, Flamigni C,
Borini A (2005) Meiotic spindle imaging in
human oocytes frozen with a slow freezing
procedure involving high sucrose concentration. Hum Reprod 20:1078–1083
36. Stachecki JJ, Cohen J (2004) An overview of
oocyte cryopreservation. Reprod Biomed
Online 9:152–163
37. Rienzi L, Martinez F, Ubaldi F, Minasi MG,
Iacobelli M, Tesarik J, Greco E (2004) Polscope analysis of meiotic spindle changes in
living metaphase II human oocytes during the
freezing and thawing procedures. Hum
Reprod 19:655–659
38. Combelles CM, Ceyhan ST, Wang H,
Racowsky C (2011) Maturation outcomes are
improved following Cryoleaf vitrification of
immature human oocytes when compared
tocholine-based slow-freezing. J Assist Reprod
Genet 28:1183–1192
39. Khalili MA, Shahedi A, Ashourzadeh S, Nottola SA, Macchiarelli G, Palmerini MG (2017)
Vitrification of human immature oocytes
before and after in vitro maturation: a review.
J Assist Reprod Genet 34:1413–1426
40. Brower PT, Schultz RM (1982) Intercellular
communication between granulosa cells and
mouse oocytes: existence and possible nutritional role during oocyte growth. Dev Biol
90:144–153
41. Ruppert-Lingham CJ, Paynter SJ, Godfrey J,
Fuller BJ, Shaw RW (2003) Developmental
potential of murine germinal vesicle stage
cumulus-oocyte complexes following exposure
to dimethyl sulphoxide or cryopreservation:
loss of membrane integrity of cumulus cells
after thawing. Hum Reprod 18:392–398
42. Keros V, Xella S, Hultenby K, Pettersson K,
Sheikhi M, Volpe A, Hreinsson J, Hovatta O
(2009) Vitrification versus controlled-rate
freezing in cryopreservation of human ovarian
tissue. Hum Reprod 24:1670–1683
43. Shahedi A, Hosseini A, Khalili MA,
Norouzian M, Salehi M, Piriaei A, Nottola SA
(2013) The effect of vitrification on ultrastructure of human in vitro matured germinal vesicle
oocytes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol
67:69–75
44. Isachenko V, Soler C, Isachenko E, PerezSanchez F, Grishchenko V (1998) Vitrification
of immature porcine oocytes: effects of lipid
droplets, temperature, cytoskeleton, and addition and removal of cryoprotectant. Cryobiology 36:250–253
45. Bianchi V, Lappi M, Bonu MA, Borini A
(2012) Oocyte slow freezing using a
0.2À0.3 M sucrose concentration protocol: is
it really the time to trash the cryopreservation
machine? Fertil Steril 97:1101–1107
46. Kuleshova L, Gianaroli L, Magli C,
Ferraretti A, Trounson A (1999) Birth following vitrification of a small number of human
oocytes. Hum Reprod 14:3077–3079
47. Yoon TK, Chung HM, Lim JM, Han SY, Ko JJ,
Cha KY (2000) Pregnancy and delivery of
healthy infants developed from vitrified oocytes
in a stimulated in vitro fertilization-embryo
transfer program. Fertil Steril 74:180–181
48. Noyes N, Porcu E, Borini A (2009) Over
900 oocyte cryopreservation babies born with
no apparent increase in congenital anomalies.
Reprod Biomed Online 18:769–776
49. UK Human Fertilisation and Embryology
Authority. Egg freezing in fertility treatment.
Trends and figures: 2010À2016. September,
2018.
https://www.hfea.gov.uk/media/
2656/egg-freezing-in-fertility-treatmenttrends-and-figures-2010-2016-final.pdf
50. Levi-Setti PE, Borini A, Patrizio P, Bolli S,
Vigiliano V, De Luca R, Scaravelli G (2016)
ART results with frozen oocytes: data from
the Italian ART registry (2005À2013). J Assist
Reprod Genet 33:123–128
51. Nagy ZP, Anderson RE, Feinberg EC,
Hayward B, Mahony MC (2017) The human
oocyte preservation experience (HOPE) registry: evaluation of cryopreservation techniques
and oocyte source on outcomes. Reprod Biol
Endocrinol 15:10
52. ESHRE Working Group on Oocyte Cryopreservation in Europe, Shenfield F, de Mouzon J,
Scaravelli G, Kupka M, Ferraretti AP, Prados
FJ, Goossens V (2017) Oocyte and ovarian
tissue cryopreservation in European countries:
statutory background, practice, storage and
use. Hum Reprod Open 2017:hox003
Cryopreservation of Oocytes
453
Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 23:445–450
32. Bleil JD, Wassarman PM (1980) Structure and
function of the zona pellucida: identification
and characterization of the proteins of the
mouse oocyte’s zona pellucida. Dev Biol
76:185–202
33. Carroll J, Depypere H, Matthews CD (1990)
Freeze-thaw induced changes of the zona pellucida explains decreased rates of fertilisation in
frozen-thawed mouse oocytes. J Reprod Fertil
90:547–553
34. Larman MG, Sheehan CB, Gardner DK (2006)
Calcium-free
vitrification
reduces
cryoprotectant-induced zona pellucida hardening and increases fertilization rates in mouse
oocytes. Reproduction 131:53–61
35. Bianchi V, Coticchio G, Fava L, Flamigni C,
Borini A (2005) Meiotic spindle imaging in
human oocytes frozen with a slow freezing
procedure involving high sucrose concentration. Hum Reprod 20:1078–1083
36. Stachecki JJ, Cohen J (2004) An overview of
oocyte cryopreservation. Reprod Biomed
Online 9:152–163
37. Rienzi L, Martinez F, Ubaldi F, Minasi MG,
Iacobelli M, Tesarik J, Greco E (2004) Polscope analysis of meiotic spindle changes in
living metaphase II human oocytes during the
freezing and thawing procedures. Hum
Reprod 19:655–659
38. Combelles CM, Ceyhan ST, Wang H,
Racowsky C (2011) Maturation outcomes are
improved following Cryoleaf vitrification of
immature human oocytes when compared
tocholine-based slow-freezing. J Assist Reprod
Genet 28:1183–1192
39. Khalili MA, Shahedi A, Ashourzadeh S, Nottola SA, Macchiarelli G, Palmerini MG (2017)
Vitrification of human immature oocytes
before and after in vitro maturation: a review.
J Assist Reprod Genet 34:1413–1426
40. Brower PT, Schultz RM (1982) Intercellular
communication between granulosa cells and
mouse oocytes: existence and possible nutritional role during oocyte growth. Dev Biol
90:144–153
41. Ruppert-Lingham CJ, Paynter SJ, Godfrey J,
Fuller BJ, Shaw RW (2003) Developmental
potential of murine germinal vesicle stage
cumulus-oocyte complexes following exposure
to dimethyl sulphoxide or cryopreservation:
loss of membrane integrity of cumulus cells
after thawing. Hum Reprod 18:392–398
42. Keros V, Xella S, Hultenby K, Pettersson K,
Sheikhi M, Volpe A, Hreinsson J, Hovatta O
(2009) Vitrification versus controlled-rate
freezing in cryopreservation of human ovarian
tissue. Hum Reprod 24:1670–1683
43. Shahedi A, Hosseini A, Khalili MA,
Norouzian M, Salehi M, Piriaei A, Nottola SA
(2013) The effect of vitrification on ultrastructure of human in vitro matured germinal vesicle
oocytes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol
67:69–75
44. Isachenko V, Soler C, Isachenko E, PerezSanchez F, Grishchenko V (1998) Vitrification
of immature porcine oocytes: effects of lipid
droplets, temperature, cytoskeleton, and addition and removal of cryoprotectant. Cryobiology 36:250–253
45. Bianchi V, Lappi M, Bonu MA, Borini A
(2012) Oocyte slow freezing using a
0.2À0.3 M sucrose concentration protocol: is
it really the time to trash the cryopreservation
machine? Fertil Steril 97:1101–1107
46. Kuleshova L, Gianaroli L, Magli C,
Ferraretti A, Trounson A (1999) Birth following vitrification of a small number of human
oocytes. Hum Reprod 14:3077–3079
47. Yoon TK, Chung HM, Lim JM, Han SY, Ko JJ,
Cha KY (2000) Pregnancy and delivery of
healthy infants developed from vitrified oocytes
in a stimulated in vitro fertilization-embryo
transfer program. Fertil Steril 74:180–181
48. Noyes N, Porcu E, Borini A (2009) Over
900 oocyte cryopreservation babies born with
no apparent increase in congenital anomalies.
Reprod Biomed Online 18:769–776
49. UK Human Fertilisation and Embryology
Authority. Egg freezing in fertility treatment.
Trends and figures: 2010À2016. September,
2018.
https://www.hfea.gov.uk/media/
2656/egg-freezing-in-fertility-treatmenttrends-and-figures-2010-2016-final.pdf
50. Levi-Setti PE, Borini A, Patrizio P, Bolli S,
Vigiliano V, De Luca R, Scaravelli G (2016)
ART results with frozen oocytes: data from
the Italian ART registry (2005À2013). J Assist
Reprod Genet 33:123–128
51. Nagy ZP, Anderson RE, Feinberg EC,
Hayward B, Mahony MC (2017) The human
oocyte preservation experience (HOPE) registry: evaluation of cryopreservation techniques
and oocyte source on outcomes. Reprod Biol
Endocrinol 15:10
52. ESHRE Working Group on Oocyte Cryopreservation in Europe, Shenfield F, de Mouzon J,
Scaravelli G, Kupka M, Ferraretti AP, Prados
FJ, Goossens V (2017) Oocyte and ovarian
tissue cryopreservation in European countries:
statutory background, practice, storage and
use. Hum Reprod Open 2017:hox003
Cryopreservation of Oocytes
453