report no. 5, N60ri-154-T.O. II. Stanford
Research Institute, Stanford
266. Vogler EA (1998) Structure and reactivity of
water at biomaterial surfaces. Adv Colloid
Interf Sci 74:69–117
267. Isachenko E, Isachenko V, Katkov II,
Sanchez R, van der Ven H, Nawroth F
(2007) Cryoprotectant-free vitrification of
spermatozoa. In: Tucker MJ, Liebermann J
(eds) Vitrification in Assisted Reproduction,
A User’s Manual and Trouble-Shooting
Guide. Informa Healthcare, London, pp
87–105
268. Morris GJ, Acton E, Murray BJ, Fonseca F
(2012) Freezing injury: the special case of the
sperm cell. Cryobiology 64:71–80
269. Nawroth F, Isachenko V, Dessole S,
Rahimi G, Farina M, Vargiu N, Mallmann P,
Dattena M, Capobianco G, Peters D, Orth I,
Isachenko E (2002) Vitrification of human
spermatozoa without cryoprotectants. CryoLetters 23:93–102
270. Isachenko E, Isachenko V, Katkov II,
Rahimi G, Schondorf T, Mallmann P,
Dessole S, Nawroth F (2004) DNA integrity
and motility of human spermatozoa after
standard
slow
freezing
versus
cryoprotectant-free
vitrification.
Hum
Reprod 19:932–939
271. Isachenko V, Isachenko E, Katkov II,
Montag M, Dessole S, Nawroth F, Van der
Ven H (2004) Cryoprotectant-free cryopreservation of human spermatozoa by vitrification and freezing in vapor: effect on motility,
DNA integrity, and fertilization ability. Biol
Reprod 71:1167–1173
272. Merino O, Sanchez R, Risopatron J,
Isachenko E, Katkov II, Figueroa E,
Valdebenito I, Mallmann P, Isachenko V
(2012) Cryoprotectant-free vitrification of
fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spermatozoa:
first report. Andrologia 44(Suppl 1):390–395
273. Sherman JK, Kiu KC (1982) Ultrastructure
before freezing, while frozen, and after thawing in assessing cryoinjury of mouse epididymal spermatozoa. Cryobiology 19:503–510
274. Morris GJ (2006) Rapidly cooled human
sperm: no evidence of intracellular ice formation. Hum Reprod 21:2075–2083
275. Isachenko V, Soler C, Isachenko E, PerezSanchez F, Grishchenko V (1998) Vitrification of immature porcine oocytes: effects of
lipid droplets, temperature, cytoskeleton, and
addition and removal of cryoprotectant.
Cryobiology 36:250–253
276. He X, Park EYH, Fowler A, Yarmush ML,
Toner M (2008) Vitrification by ultra-fast
cooling at a low concentration of cryoprotectants in a quartz micro-capillary: a study using
murine embryonic stem cells. Cryobiology
56:223–232
277. Asahina E, Shimada K, Hisada Y (1970) A
stable state of frozen protoplasm with invisible intracellular ice crystals obtained by rapid
cooling. Exp Cell Res 59:349–358
278. Takahashi T, Hirsh A, Erbe E, Williams RJ
(1988) Mechanism of cryoprotection by
extracellular polymeric solutes. Biophys J
54:509–518
279. MacFarlane DR (1987) Physical aspects of
vitrification in aqueous solutions. Cryobiology 24:181–195
280. Kleinhans FW, Mazur P (2015) Physical parameters, modeling, and methodological details
in using IR laser pulses to warm frozen or
vitrified cells ultra-rapidly. Cryobiology
70:195–203
281. Mazur P, Paredes E (2016) Roles of intracellular ice formation, vitrification of cell water,
and recrystallisation of intracellular ice on the
survival of mouse embryos and oocytes.
Reprod Fertil Dev. https://doi.org/10.
1071/RD16021
282. Khosla K, Wang Y, Hagedorn M, Qin Z, Bischof J (2017) Gold nanorod induced warming of embryos from the cryogenic state
enhances viability. ACS Nano 11:7869–7878
283. Clark P, Fahy GM, Karow AM Jr (1984) Factors influencing renal cryopreservation.
II. Toxic effects of three cryoprotectants in
combination with three vehicle solutions in
non-frozen rabbit cortical slices. Cryobiology
21:274–284
284. Karow AM Jr, McDonald M, Dendle T, Rao
R (1986) Functional preservation of the
mammalian kidney. VII. Autologous transplantation of dog kidneys after treatment
with dimethylsulfoxide (2.8 and 4.2 M).
Transplantation 41:669–674
285. Pegg DE, Jacobsen IA, Diaper MP, Foreman
J (1986) Optimization of a vehicle solution
for the introduction and removal of glycerol
with rabbit kidneys. Cryobiology 23:53–63
286. Meryman HT, Douglas MSJ (1982) Isotonicity in the presence of penetrating cryoprotectants. Cryobiology 19:565–569
287. Meryman HT (2007) Cryopreservation of
living cells: principles and practice. Transfusion 47:935–945
288. Nobel PS (1969) The Boyle-Van’t Hoff relation. J Theor Biol 23:375–379
289. Vian AM, Higgins AZ (2014) Membrane permeability of the human granulocyte to water,
Principles of Vitrification
93
Research Institute, Stanford
266. Vogler EA (1998) Structure and reactivity of
water at biomaterial surfaces. Adv Colloid
Interf Sci 74:69–117
267. Isachenko E, Isachenko V, Katkov II,
Sanchez R, van der Ven H, Nawroth F
(2007) Cryoprotectant-free vitrification of
spermatozoa. In: Tucker MJ, Liebermann J
(eds) Vitrification in Assisted Reproduction,
A User’s Manual and Trouble-Shooting
Guide. Informa Healthcare, London, pp
87–105
268. Morris GJ, Acton E, Murray BJ, Fonseca F
(2012) Freezing injury: the special case of the
sperm cell. Cryobiology 64:71–80
269. Nawroth F, Isachenko V, Dessole S,
Rahimi G, Farina M, Vargiu N, Mallmann P,
Dattena M, Capobianco G, Peters D, Orth I,
Isachenko E (2002) Vitrification of human
spermatozoa without cryoprotectants. CryoLetters 23:93–102
270. Isachenko E, Isachenko V, Katkov II,
Rahimi G, Schondorf T, Mallmann P,
Dessole S, Nawroth F (2004) DNA integrity
and motility of human spermatozoa after
standard
slow
freezing
versus
cryoprotectant-free
vitrification.
Hum
Reprod 19:932–939
271. Isachenko V, Isachenko E, Katkov II,
Montag M, Dessole S, Nawroth F, Van der
Ven H (2004) Cryoprotectant-free cryopreservation of human spermatozoa by vitrification and freezing in vapor: effect on motility,
DNA integrity, and fertilization ability. Biol
Reprod 71:1167–1173
272. Merino O, Sanchez R, Risopatron J,
Isachenko E, Katkov II, Figueroa E,
Valdebenito I, Mallmann P, Isachenko V
(2012) Cryoprotectant-free vitrification of
fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spermatozoa:
first report. Andrologia 44(Suppl 1):390–395
273. Sherman JK, Kiu KC (1982) Ultrastructure
before freezing, while frozen, and after thawing in assessing cryoinjury of mouse epididymal spermatozoa. Cryobiology 19:503–510
274. Morris GJ (2006) Rapidly cooled human
sperm: no evidence of intracellular ice formation. Hum Reprod 21:2075–2083
275. Isachenko V, Soler C, Isachenko E, PerezSanchez F, Grishchenko V (1998) Vitrification of immature porcine oocytes: effects of
lipid droplets, temperature, cytoskeleton, and
addition and removal of cryoprotectant.
Cryobiology 36:250–253
276. He X, Park EYH, Fowler A, Yarmush ML,
Toner M (2008) Vitrification by ultra-fast
cooling at a low concentration of cryoprotectants in a quartz micro-capillary: a study using
murine embryonic stem cells. Cryobiology
56:223–232
277. Asahina E, Shimada K, Hisada Y (1970) A
stable state of frozen protoplasm with invisible intracellular ice crystals obtained by rapid
cooling. Exp Cell Res 59:349–358
278. Takahashi T, Hirsh A, Erbe E, Williams RJ
(1988) Mechanism of cryoprotection by
extracellular polymeric solutes. Biophys J
54:509–518
279. MacFarlane DR (1987) Physical aspects of
vitrification in aqueous solutions. Cryobiology 24:181–195
280. Kleinhans FW, Mazur P (2015) Physical parameters, modeling, and methodological details
in using IR laser pulses to warm frozen or
vitrified cells ultra-rapidly. Cryobiology
70:195–203
281. Mazur P, Paredes E (2016) Roles of intracellular ice formation, vitrification of cell water,
and recrystallisation of intracellular ice on the
survival of mouse embryos and oocytes.
Reprod Fertil Dev. https://doi.org/10.
1071/RD16021
282. Khosla K, Wang Y, Hagedorn M, Qin Z, Bischof J (2017) Gold nanorod induced warming of embryos from the cryogenic state
enhances viability. ACS Nano 11:7869–7878
283. Clark P, Fahy GM, Karow AM Jr (1984) Factors influencing renal cryopreservation.
II. Toxic effects of three cryoprotectants in
combination with three vehicle solutions in
non-frozen rabbit cortical slices. Cryobiology
21:274–284
284. Karow AM Jr, McDonald M, Dendle T, Rao
R (1986) Functional preservation of the
mammalian kidney. VII. Autologous transplantation of dog kidneys after treatment
with dimethylsulfoxide (2.8 and 4.2 M).
Transplantation 41:669–674
285. Pegg DE, Jacobsen IA, Diaper MP, Foreman
J (1986) Optimization of a vehicle solution
for the introduction and removal of glycerol
with rabbit kidneys. Cryobiology 23:53–63
286. Meryman HT, Douglas MSJ (1982) Isotonicity in the presence of penetrating cryoprotectants. Cryobiology 19:565–569
287. Meryman HT (2007) Cryopreservation of
living cells: principles and practice. Transfusion 47:935–945
288. Nobel PS (1969) The Boyle-Van’t Hoff relation. J Theor Biol 23:375–379
289. Vian AM, Higgins AZ (2014) Membrane permeability of the human granulocyte to water,
Principles of Vitrification
93