214. Angell CA, Sare EJ, Donnella J, MacFarlane
DR (1981) Homogeneous nucleation and
glass transition temperatures in solutions of
lithium salts in water-D2 and water. Doubly
unstable glass regions. J Phys Chem
85:1461–1464
215. Fahy GM (1998) Fundamentals of vitrification: tissues and organs. Cryobiology
37:380–381
216. Wowk B (2013) Metastable vitrification of
cryoprotectant
solutions.
Cryobiology
67:409
217. Mehl P (1993) Nucleation and crystal growth
in a vitrification solution tested for organ
cryopreservation by vitrification. Cryobiology
30:509–518
218. Wowk B, Fahy GM (2007) Ice nucleation and
growth in concentrated vitrification solutions.
Cryobiology 55:330
219. Fahy GM (2015) Understanding and
controlling ice nucleation and growth in the
renal inner medulla. Cryobiology 71:540
220. Boutron P (1993) Glass-forming tendency
and stability of the amorphous state in solutions of a 2,3-butanediol containing mainly
the levo and dextro isomers in water, buffer,
and euro-Collins. Cryobiology 30:86–97
221. Wowk B, Fahy GM, Ahmedyar S, Taylor MJ,
Rabin Y (2018) Vitrification tendency and
stability of DP6-based vitrification solutions
for complex tissue cryopreservation. Cryobiology 82:70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.cryobiol.2018.04.0006
222. Baudot A, Alger L, Boutron P (2000) Glassforming tendency in the system waterdimethyl sulfoxide. Cryobiology 40:151–158
223. Vigier G, Vassoille R (1987) Ice nucleation
and crystallization in water-glycerol mixtures.
Cryobiology 24:345–354
224. Luyet B (1967) On the possible biological
significance of some physical changes encountered in the cooling and the rewarming of
aqueous
solutions.
In:
Asahina
E
(ed) Cellular injury and resistance in freezing
organisms. Hokkaido University, Sapporo, pp
1–20
225. Baudot A, Odagescu V (2004) Thermal properties of ethylene glycol and aqueous solutions. Cryobiology 48:283–294
226. Fahy GM (1987) Biological effects of vitrification and devitrification. In: Pegg DE,
Karow AM Jr (eds) The biophysics of organ
cryopreservation. Plenum Press, New York,
pp 265–293
227. Fahy GM, Levy DI, Ali SE (1987) Some
emerging principles underlying the physical
properties, biological actions, and utility of
vitrification
solutions.
Cryobiology
24:196–213
228. Fahy GM (2015) Overview of biological vitrification. In: Liebermann J, Tucker M (eds)
Vitrification in assisted reproduction: from
basic science to clinical application. Taylor &
Francis books, Ltd, New York, pp 1–22
229. MacFarlane DR (1986) Devitrification in
glass-forming aqueous solutions. Cryobiology 23:230–244
230. MacFarlane DR, Forsyth M (1987) Devitrification and recrystallization of glass forming
aqueous solutions. In: Pegg DE, Karow AM
Jr (eds) The biophysics of organ cryopreservation. Plenum Press, New York, pp 237–257
231. Mehl P, Boutron P (1988) Cryoprotection of
red blood cells by 1,3-butanediol and
2,3-butanediol. Cryobiology 25:44–54
232. Seki S, Jin B, Mazur P (2014) Extreme rapid
warming yields high functional survivals of
vitrified 8-cell mouse embryos even when suspended in a half-strength vitrification solution
and cooled at moderate rates to À196
C.
Cryobiology 68:71–78
233. Fahy GM (1995) The role of nucleation in
cryopreservation. In: Lee RE, Warren GJ,
Gusta LV (eds) Biological ice nucleation and
its applications. APS Press, St. Paul, pp
315–336
234. Baudot A, Peyridieu JF, Boutron P, Mazuer J,
Odin J (1996) Effects of saccharides on the
glass-forming tendency and stability of solutions of 2,3-butanediol, 1,2-propanediol, or
1,3-butanediol in water, phosphate-buffered
saline, euro-Collins solution, or Saint Thomas
cardioplegic
solution.
Cryobiology
33:363–375
235. Wowk B, Fahy GM (2005) Toward large
organ vitrification: extremely low critical cooling and warming rates of M22 vitrification
solution. Cryobiology 51:362
236. Fahy G (2013) Consequences and control of
ice formation in the renal inner medulla.
Cryobiology 67:409–410
237. Wusteman M, Robinson M, Pegg D (2004)
Vitrification of large tissues with dielectric
warming: biological problems and some
approaches to their solution. Cryobiology
48:284–294
238. Ruggera PS, Fahy GM (1990) Rapid and
uniform electromagnetic heating of aqueous
cryoprotectant solutions from cryogenic temperatures. Cryobiology 27:465–478
239. Burdette EC, Wiggins S, Brown R, Karow
AM Jr (1980) Microwave thawing of frozen
kidneys: a theoretically based experimentallyeffective design. Cryobiology 17:393–402
Principles of Vitrification
91
DR (1981) Homogeneous nucleation and
glass transition temperatures in solutions of
lithium salts in water-D2 and water. Doubly
unstable glass regions. J Phys Chem
85:1461–1464
215. Fahy GM (1998) Fundamentals of vitrification: tissues and organs. Cryobiology
37:380–381
216. Wowk B (2013) Metastable vitrification of
cryoprotectant
solutions.
Cryobiology
67:409
217. Mehl P (1993) Nucleation and crystal growth
in a vitrification solution tested for organ
cryopreservation by vitrification. Cryobiology
30:509–518
218. Wowk B, Fahy GM (2007) Ice nucleation and
growth in concentrated vitrification solutions.
Cryobiology 55:330
219. Fahy GM (2015) Understanding and
controlling ice nucleation and growth in the
renal inner medulla. Cryobiology 71:540
220. Boutron P (1993) Glass-forming tendency
and stability of the amorphous state in solutions of a 2,3-butanediol containing mainly
the levo and dextro isomers in water, buffer,
and euro-Collins. Cryobiology 30:86–97
221. Wowk B, Fahy GM, Ahmedyar S, Taylor MJ,
Rabin Y (2018) Vitrification tendency and
stability of DP6-based vitrification solutions
for complex tissue cryopreservation. Cryobiology 82:70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.cryobiol.2018.04.0006
222. Baudot A, Alger L, Boutron P (2000) Glassforming tendency in the system waterdimethyl sulfoxide. Cryobiology 40:151–158
223. Vigier G, Vassoille R (1987) Ice nucleation
and crystallization in water-glycerol mixtures.
Cryobiology 24:345–354
224. Luyet B (1967) On the possible biological
significance of some physical changes encountered in the cooling and the rewarming of
aqueous
solutions.
In:
Asahina
E
(ed) Cellular injury and resistance in freezing
organisms. Hokkaido University, Sapporo, pp
1–20
225. Baudot A, Odagescu V (2004) Thermal properties of ethylene glycol and aqueous solutions. Cryobiology 48:283–294
226. Fahy GM (1987) Biological effects of vitrification and devitrification. In: Pegg DE,
Karow AM Jr (eds) The biophysics of organ
cryopreservation. Plenum Press, New York,
pp 265–293
227. Fahy GM, Levy DI, Ali SE (1987) Some
emerging principles underlying the physical
properties, biological actions, and utility of
vitrification
solutions.
Cryobiology
24:196–213
228. Fahy GM (2015) Overview of biological vitrification. In: Liebermann J, Tucker M (eds)
Vitrification in assisted reproduction: from
basic science to clinical application. Taylor &
Francis books, Ltd, New York, pp 1–22
229. MacFarlane DR (1986) Devitrification in
glass-forming aqueous solutions. Cryobiology 23:230–244
230. MacFarlane DR, Forsyth M (1987) Devitrification and recrystallization of glass forming
aqueous solutions. In: Pegg DE, Karow AM
Jr (eds) The biophysics of organ cryopreservation. Plenum Press, New York, pp 237–257
231. Mehl P, Boutron P (1988) Cryoprotection of
red blood cells by 1,3-butanediol and
2,3-butanediol. Cryobiology 25:44–54
232. Seki S, Jin B, Mazur P (2014) Extreme rapid
warming yields high functional survivals of
vitrified 8-cell mouse embryos even when suspended in a half-strength vitrification solution
and cooled at moderate rates to À196
C.
Cryobiology 68:71–78
233. Fahy GM (1995) The role of nucleation in
cryopreservation. In: Lee RE, Warren GJ,
Gusta LV (eds) Biological ice nucleation and
its applications. APS Press, St. Paul, pp
315–336
234. Baudot A, Peyridieu JF, Boutron P, Mazuer J,
Odin J (1996) Effects of saccharides on the
glass-forming tendency and stability of solutions of 2,3-butanediol, 1,2-propanediol, or
1,3-butanediol in water, phosphate-buffered
saline, euro-Collins solution, or Saint Thomas
cardioplegic
solution.
Cryobiology
33:363–375
235. Wowk B, Fahy GM (2005) Toward large
organ vitrification: extremely low critical cooling and warming rates of M22 vitrification
solution. Cryobiology 51:362
236. Fahy G (2013) Consequences and control of
ice formation in the renal inner medulla.
Cryobiology 67:409–410
237. Wusteman M, Robinson M, Pegg D (2004)
Vitrification of large tissues with dielectric
warming: biological problems and some
approaches to their solution. Cryobiology
48:284–294
238. Ruggera PS, Fahy GM (1990) Rapid and
uniform electromagnetic heating of aqueous
cryoprotectant solutions from cryogenic temperatures. Cryobiology 27:465–478
239. Burdette EC, Wiggins S, Brown R, Karow
AM Jr (1980) Microwave thawing of frozen
kidneys: a theoretically based experimentallyeffective design. Cryobiology 17:393–402
Principles of Vitrification
91