188. Scambos TA, Campbell GG, Pope A,
Haran T, Muto A, Lazzara M, Reijmer CH,
van den Broeke MR (2018) Ultralow surface
temperatures in East Antarctica from satellite
thermal infrared mapping: The coldest places
on earth. Geophys Res Lett 45:6124–6133.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078133
189. Bennett VA, Sformo T, Walters K, Toien O,
Jeannet K, Hochstrasser R, Pan Q, Serianni
AS, Barnes BM, Duman JG (2005) Comparative overwintering physiology of Alaska and
Indiana populations of the beetle Cucujus
clavipes (Fabricius): roles of antifreeze proteins, polyols, dehydration and diapause. J
Exp Biol 208(Pt 23):4467–4477
190. Sun WQ, Leopold AC (1997) Cytoplasmic
vitrification and survival of anhydrobiotic
organisms.
Comp
Biochem
Physiol
117A:327–333
191. Burke MJ (1986) The glassy state and survival
of anhydrous biological systems. In: Leopold
AC (ed) Membranes, Metabolism, and Dry
Organisms. Cornell University Press, Ithaca,
pp 358–364
192. Holmstrup M, Bayley M, Ramlov H (2002)
Supercool or dehydrate? An experimental
analysis of overwintering strategies in small
permeable arctic invertebrates. Proc Natl
Acad Sci 99:5716–5720
193. Crowe JH, Jackson S, Crowe LM (1983)
Nonfreezable water in anhydrobiotic nematodes. Mol Physiol 3:99–105
194. Buitink J, Leprince O (2004) Glass formation
in plant anhydrobiotes: survival in the dry
state. Cryobiology 48:215–228
195. Hirsh AG, Williams RJ, Meryman HT (1985)
A novel method of natural cryoprotection:
intracellular glass formation in deeply frozen
populus. Plant Physiol 79:41–56
196. Rall WF, Reid DS, Polge C (1984) Analysis of
slow-warming injury of mouse embryos by
cryomicroscopical
and
physicochemical
methods. Cryobiology 21:106–121
197. Ediger MD, Angell CA, Nagel SR (1996)
Supercooled liquids and glasses. J Phys
Chem 100:13200–13212
198. Kauzmann W (1948) The nature of the glassy
state and the behavior of liquids at low temperatures. Chem Rev 43:219–256
199. Forsyth M, MacFarlane DR (1986) Recrystallization revisited. Cryo-Letters 7:367–378
200. Mazur P, Seki S (2011) Survival of mouse
oocytes after being cooled in a vitrification
solution to -196
C at 95
o to 70,000
C min
and warmed at 610
o to 118,000
C/min: a
new paradigm for cryopreservation by vitrification. Cryobiology 62:1–7
201. Boutron P, Arnaud F (1984) Comparison of
the cryoprotection of red blood cells by
1,2-propanediol and glycerol. Cryobiology
21:348–358
202. Rall WF (1987) Factors affecting the survival
of mouse embryos cryopreserved by vitrification. Cryobiology 24:387–402
203. Dorsey NE (1948) The freezing of Supercooled water. Trans Am Philos Soc
38:247–328
204. Jackson CL, McKenna GB (1990) The melting behavior of organic materials confined in
porous solids. J Chem Phys 93:9002–9011
205. Angell CA (1982) Supercooled water. In:
Franks F (ed) Water, A Comprehensive Treatise. Plenum, New York, pp 1–81
206. Rasmussen DH, MacCaulay MN, MacKenzie
AP (1975) Supercooling and nucleation of ice
in single cells. Cryobiology 12:328–339
207. Franks F (1982) The properties of aqueous
solutions at subzero temperatures. In: Franks
F (ed) Water, a comprehensive treatise. Plenum, New York, pp 215–338
208. Pruppacher HR, Klett JD (1996) Homogeneous nucleation. In: Pruppacher HR, Klett
JD (eds) Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Second revised and expanded edition
with an introduction to cloud chemistry and
cloud electricity. Springer, Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York, pp 191–215
209. Pruppacher HR, Klett JD (1996) Heterogeneous nucleation. In: Pruppacher HR, Klett
JD (eds) Microphysics of clouds and precipitation, second revised and expanded edition
with an introduction to cloud chemistry and
cloud electricity. Springer, Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York, pp 287–360
210. Maki LR, Galyan EL, Chang-Chien MM,
Caldwell DR (1974) Ice nucleation induced
by pseudomonas syringae. Appl Environ
Microbiol 28:456–459
211. Gavish M, Popovitz-Biro R, Lahav M, Leiserowitz L (1990) Ice nucleation by alcohols
arranged in monolayers at the surface of
water drops. Science 250:973–975
212. Earle ME, Kuhn T, Khalizov AF, Sloan JJ
(2010) Volume nucleation rates for homogeneous freezing in supercooled water microdroplets:
results
from
a
combined
experimental and modelling approach.
Atmos Chem Phys 10:7945–7961
213. Dupuy J, Jal JF, Ferradou C, Chieux P,
Wright AF, Calemczuk R, Angell CA (1982)
Controlled nucleation and quasi-ordered
growth of ice crystals from low temperature
electrolyte solutions. Nature 296:135–140
90
Gregory M. Fahy and Brian Wowk
Haran T, Muto A, Lazzara M, Reijmer CH,
van den Broeke MR (2018) Ultralow surface
temperatures in East Antarctica from satellite
thermal infrared mapping: The coldest places
on earth. Geophys Res Lett 45:6124–6133.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078133
189. Bennett VA, Sformo T, Walters K, Toien O,
Jeannet K, Hochstrasser R, Pan Q, Serianni
AS, Barnes BM, Duman JG (2005) Comparative overwintering physiology of Alaska and
Indiana populations of the beetle Cucujus
clavipes (Fabricius): roles of antifreeze proteins, polyols, dehydration and diapause. J
Exp Biol 208(Pt 23):4467–4477
190. Sun WQ, Leopold AC (1997) Cytoplasmic
vitrification and survival of anhydrobiotic
organisms.
Comp
Biochem
Physiol
117A:327–333
191. Burke MJ (1986) The glassy state and survival
of anhydrous biological systems. In: Leopold
AC (ed) Membranes, Metabolism, and Dry
Organisms. Cornell University Press, Ithaca,
pp 358–364
192. Holmstrup M, Bayley M, Ramlov H (2002)
Supercool or dehydrate? An experimental
analysis of overwintering strategies in small
permeable arctic invertebrates. Proc Natl
Acad Sci 99:5716–5720
193. Crowe JH, Jackson S, Crowe LM (1983)
Nonfreezable water in anhydrobiotic nematodes. Mol Physiol 3:99–105
194. Buitink J, Leprince O (2004) Glass formation
in plant anhydrobiotes: survival in the dry
state. Cryobiology 48:215–228
195. Hirsh AG, Williams RJ, Meryman HT (1985)
A novel method of natural cryoprotection:
intracellular glass formation in deeply frozen
populus. Plant Physiol 79:41–56
196. Rall WF, Reid DS, Polge C (1984) Analysis of
slow-warming injury of mouse embryos by
cryomicroscopical
and
physicochemical
methods. Cryobiology 21:106–121
197. Ediger MD, Angell CA, Nagel SR (1996)
Supercooled liquids and glasses. J Phys
Chem 100:13200–13212
198. Kauzmann W (1948) The nature of the glassy
state and the behavior of liquids at low temperatures. Chem Rev 43:219–256
199. Forsyth M, MacFarlane DR (1986) Recrystallization revisited. Cryo-Letters 7:367–378
200. Mazur P, Seki S (2011) Survival of mouse
oocytes after being cooled in a vitrification
solution to -196
C at 95
o to 70,000
C min
and warmed at 610
o to 118,000
C/min: a
new paradigm for cryopreservation by vitrification. Cryobiology 62:1–7
201. Boutron P, Arnaud F (1984) Comparison of
the cryoprotection of red blood cells by
1,2-propanediol and glycerol. Cryobiology
21:348–358
202. Rall WF (1987) Factors affecting the survival
of mouse embryos cryopreserved by vitrification. Cryobiology 24:387–402
203. Dorsey NE (1948) The freezing of Supercooled water. Trans Am Philos Soc
38:247–328
204. Jackson CL, McKenna GB (1990) The melting behavior of organic materials confined in
porous solids. J Chem Phys 93:9002–9011
205. Angell CA (1982) Supercooled water. In:
Franks F (ed) Water, A Comprehensive Treatise. Plenum, New York, pp 1–81
206. Rasmussen DH, MacCaulay MN, MacKenzie
AP (1975) Supercooling and nucleation of ice
in single cells. Cryobiology 12:328–339
207. Franks F (1982) The properties of aqueous
solutions at subzero temperatures. In: Franks
F (ed) Water, a comprehensive treatise. Plenum, New York, pp 215–338
208. Pruppacher HR, Klett JD (1996) Homogeneous nucleation. In: Pruppacher HR, Klett
JD (eds) Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, Second revised and expanded edition
with an introduction to cloud chemistry and
cloud electricity. Springer, Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York, pp 191–215
209. Pruppacher HR, Klett JD (1996) Heterogeneous nucleation. In: Pruppacher HR, Klett
JD (eds) Microphysics of clouds and precipitation, second revised and expanded edition
with an introduction to cloud chemistry and
cloud electricity. Springer, Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York, pp 287–360
210. Maki LR, Galyan EL, Chang-Chien MM,
Caldwell DR (1974) Ice nucleation induced
by pseudomonas syringae. Appl Environ
Microbiol 28:456–459
211. Gavish M, Popovitz-Biro R, Lahav M, Leiserowitz L (1990) Ice nucleation by alcohols
arranged in monolayers at the surface of
water drops. Science 250:973–975
212. Earle ME, Kuhn T, Khalizov AF, Sloan JJ
(2010) Volume nucleation rates for homogeneous freezing in supercooled water microdroplets:
results
from
a
combined
experimental and modelling approach.
Atmos Chem Phys 10:7945–7961
213. Dupuy J, Jal JF, Ferradou C, Chieux P,
Wright AF, Calemczuk R, Angell CA (1982)
Controlled nucleation and quasi-ordered
growth of ice crystals from low temperature
electrolyte solutions. Nature 296:135–140
90
Gregory M. Fahy and Brian Wowk