cells. In: Wolstenholme GEW, O’Connor M
(eds) The Frozen Cell. J&A Churchill,
London, pp 69–85
163. Fahy GM, Karow AM Jr (1977)
Ultrastructure-function correlative studies
for cardiac cryopreservation. V. Absence of a
correlation between electrolyte toxicity and
cryoinjury in the slowly frozen, cryoprotected
rat heart. Cryobiology 14:418–427
164. Fahy GM (1986) The relevance of cryoprotectant "toxicity" to cryobiology. Cryobiology 23:1–13
165. Meryman HT, Williams RJ, Douglas MSJ
(1977) Freezing injury from "solution
effects" and its prevention by natural or artificial cryoprotection. Cryobiology 14:287–302
166. Fahy GM (1986) Vitrification: a new
approach to organ cryopreservation. Prog
Clin Biol Res 224:305–335
167. Berthelot F, Martinat-Botte F, Perreau C
(2001) Birth of piglets after OPS vitrification
and transfer of compacted morula stage
embryos with intact zona pellucida. Reprod
Nutr Dev 41:267–272
168. Pollack GA, Pegg DE, Hardie IR (1986) An
isolated perfused rat mesentery model for
direct observation of the vasculature during
cryopreservation. Cryobiology 23:500–511
169. Taylor MJ, Pegg DE (1983) The effect of ice
formation on the function of smooth muscle
tissue stored at À21 or À60
C. Cryobiology
20:36–40
170. Pegg, D.E., Diaper, M.P. The mechanism of
cryoinjury in glycerol-treated rabbit kidneys,
in Organ preservation, basic and applied
aspects, D.E. Pegg, I.A. Jacobsen, and
N.A. Halasz, Editors. 1982, MTP Press,
Ltd: Lancaster. p. 389-393
171. Hunt CJ (1984) Studies on cellular structure
and ice location in frozen organs and tissues:
the use of freeze-substitution and related
techniques. Cryobiology 21:385–402
172. Pegg DE (1987) Ice crystals in tissues and
organs. In: Pegg DE, Karow AM Jr (eds)
The Biophysics of Organ Cryopreservation.
Plenum, New York, pp 117–140
173. Pegg DE (2010) The relevance of ice crystal
formation for the cryopreservation of tissues
and organs. Cryobiology 60:S36–S44
174. Taylor MJ (1984) Sub-zero preservation and
the prospect of long-term storage of multicellular tissues and organs. In: Calne RY
(ed) Transplantation Immunology: Clinical
and experimental. Oxford University Press,
Oxford, pp 360–390
175. Hunt CJ, Taylor MJ, Pegg DE (1982)
Freeze-substitution and isothermal freeze
fixation studies to elucidate the pattern of ice
formation on smooth muscle at 252K
(À21
C). J Microsc 125:177–186
176. Jacobsen IA, Pegg DE, Starklint H,
Chemnitz J, Hunt C, Barfort P, Diaper MP
(1984) Effect of cooling and warming rate on
glycerolized rabbit kidneys. Cryobiology
21:637–653
177. Pegg DE, Jacobsen IA, Armitage WJ, Taylor
MJ (1979) Mechanisms of cryoinjury in
organs. In: Pegg DE, Jacobsen IA (eds)
Organ Preservation II. Churchill Livingstone,
New York, pp 132–144
178. Brockbank KGM, Taylor MJ (2007) Tissue
preservation. In: Baust JG, Baust JM (eds)
Advances in Biopreservation. Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 157–196
179. Fahy GM, Takahashi T, Meryman HT (1986)
Practical aspects of ice-free cryopreservation.
In: Sibinga CTS, Das PC, Greenwalt TJ (eds)
Future Developments in Blood Banking.
Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, Boston, pp
111–122
180. Fahy GM, Saur J, Williams RJ (1990) Physical
problems with the vitrification of large
biological systems. Cryobiology 27:492–510
181. Rall WF, Meyer TK (1989) Zona fracture
damage and its avoidance during the cryopreservation of mammalian embryos. Theriogenology 31:683–692
182. Williams RJ, Carnahan DL (1990) Fracture
faces and other interfaces as ice nucleation
sites. Cryobiology 27:479–482
183. Schiewe MC, Zozula S, Anderson RE, Fahy
GM (2015) Validation of microSecure vitrification (uS-VTF) for the effective cryopreservation of human embryos and oocytes.
Cryobiology 71:264–272
184. Nickell PK, Sass S, Verleve D, Blumenthal
EM, Duman JG (2013) Antifreeze proteins
in the primary urine of larvae of the beetle
Dendroides canadensis. J Exp Biol
216:1695–1703
185. Sformo T, Walters K, Jeannet K, Wowk B,
Fahy G, Barnes BM, Duman JG (2010)
Deep supercooling, vitrification and limited
survival to -100oC in the Alaskan beetle
Cucujus clavipes puniceus (Coleoptera:
Cucujidae). J Exp Biol 213:502–509
186. Cosman, B. (2013) This is the new coldest
temperature ever recorded on earth
187. Elster J, Benson EE (2004) Life in the polar
terrestrial environment with a focus on algae
and cyanobacteria. In: Fuller BJ, Lane N,
Benson EE (eds) Life in the frozen state.
CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 111–150
Principles of Vitrification
89
(eds) The Frozen Cell. J&A Churchill,
London, pp 69–85
163. Fahy GM, Karow AM Jr (1977)
Ultrastructure-function correlative studies
for cardiac cryopreservation. V. Absence of a
correlation between electrolyte toxicity and
cryoinjury in the slowly frozen, cryoprotected
rat heart. Cryobiology 14:418–427
164. Fahy GM (1986) The relevance of cryoprotectant "toxicity" to cryobiology. Cryobiology 23:1–13
165. Meryman HT, Williams RJ, Douglas MSJ
(1977) Freezing injury from "solution
effects" and its prevention by natural or artificial cryoprotection. Cryobiology 14:287–302
166. Fahy GM (1986) Vitrification: a new
approach to organ cryopreservation. Prog
Clin Biol Res 224:305–335
167. Berthelot F, Martinat-Botte F, Perreau C
(2001) Birth of piglets after OPS vitrification
and transfer of compacted morula stage
embryos with intact zona pellucida. Reprod
Nutr Dev 41:267–272
168. Pollack GA, Pegg DE, Hardie IR (1986) An
isolated perfused rat mesentery model for
direct observation of the vasculature during
cryopreservation. Cryobiology 23:500–511
169. Taylor MJ, Pegg DE (1983) The effect of ice
formation on the function of smooth muscle
tissue stored at À21 or À60
C. Cryobiology
20:36–40
170. Pegg, D.E., Diaper, M.P. The mechanism of
cryoinjury in glycerol-treated rabbit kidneys,
in Organ preservation, basic and applied
aspects, D.E. Pegg, I.A. Jacobsen, and
N.A. Halasz, Editors. 1982, MTP Press,
Ltd: Lancaster. p. 389-393
171. Hunt CJ (1984) Studies on cellular structure
and ice location in frozen organs and tissues:
the use of freeze-substitution and related
techniques. Cryobiology 21:385–402
172. Pegg DE (1987) Ice crystals in tissues and
organs. In: Pegg DE, Karow AM Jr (eds)
The Biophysics of Organ Cryopreservation.
Plenum, New York, pp 117–140
173. Pegg DE (2010) The relevance of ice crystal
formation for the cryopreservation of tissues
and organs. Cryobiology 60:S36–S44
174. Taylor MJ (1984) Sub-zero preservation and
the prospect of long-term storage of multicellular tissues and organs. In: Calne RY
(ed) Transplantation Immunology: Clinical
and experimental. Oxford University Press,
Oxford, pp 360–390
175. Hunt CJ, Taylor MJ, Pegg DE (1982)
Freeze-substitution and isothermal freeze
fixation studies to elucidate the pattern of ice
formation on smooth muscle at 252K
(À21
C). J Microsc 125:177–186
176. Jacobsen IA, Pegg DE, Starklint H,
Chemnitz J, Hunt C, Barfort P, Diaper MP
(1984) Effect of cooling and warming rate on
glycerolized rabbit kidneys. Cryobiology
21:637–653
177. Pegg DE, Jacobsen IA, Armitage WJ, Taylor
MJ (1979) Mechanisms of cryoinjury in
organs. In: Pegg DE, Jacobsen IA (eds)
Organ Preservation II. Churchill Livingstone,
New York, pp 132–144
178. Brockbank KGM, Taylor MJ (2007) Tissue
preservation. In: Baust JG, Baust JM (eds)
Advances in Biopreservation. Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 157–196
179. Fahy GM, Takahashi T, Meryman HT (1986)
Practical aspects of ice-free cryopreservation.
In: Sibinga CTS, Das PC, Greenwalt TJ (eds)
Future Developments in Blood Banking.
Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, Boston, pp
111–122
180. Fahy GM, Saur J, Williams RJ (1990) Physical
problems with the vitrification of large
biological systems. Cryobiology 27:492–510
181. Rall WF, Meyer TK (1989) Zona fracture
damage and its avoidance during the cryopreservation of mammalian embryos. Theriogenology 31:683–692
182. Williams RJ, Carnahan DL (1990) Fracture
faces and other interfaces as ice nucleation
sites. Cryobiology 27:479–482
183. Schiewe MC, Zozula S, Anderson RE, Fahy
GM (2015) Validation of microSecure vitrification (uS-VTF) for the effective cryopreservation of human embryos and oocytes.
Cryobiology 71:264–272
184. Nickell PK, Sass S, Verleve D, Blumenthal
EM, Duman JG (2013) Antifreeze proteins
in the primary urine of larvae of the beetle
Dendroides canadensis. J Exp Biol
216:1695–1703
185. Sformo T, Walters K, Jeannet K, Wowk B,
Fahy G, Barnes BM, Duman JG (2010)
Deep supercooling, vitrification and limited
survival to -100oC in the Alaskan beetle
Cucujus clavipes puniceus (Coleoptera:
Cucujidae). J Exp Biol 213:502–509
186. Cosman, B. (2013) This is the new coldest
temperature ever recorded on earth
187. Elster J, Benson EE (2004) Life in the polar
terrestrial environment with a focus on algae
and cyanobacteria. In: Fuller BJ, Lane N,
Benson EE (eds) Life in the frozen state.
CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 111–150
Principles of Vitrification
89