102. Luyet B (1969) On the amount of water
remaining amorphous in frozen aqueous
solutions. Biodynamica 10:277–291
103. Farrant J (1965) Mechanism of cell damage
during freezing and thawing and its prevention. Nature 205:1284–1287
104. Pegg DE, Wang L, Vaughan D (2006) Cryopreservation of articular cartilage. Part 3: the
liquidus tracking method. Cryobiology
52:360–368
105. Fahy GM, MacFarlane DR, Angell CA, Meryman HT (1984) Vitrification as an approach to
cryopreservation. Cryobiology 21:407–426
106. Kemp E, Clark PB, Anderson CK, Parsons
FM (1966) Long-term preservation of the
kidney. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc
3:236–240
107. Luyet BJ (1966) Anatomy of the freezing
process in physical systems. In: Meryman
HT (ed) Cryobiology. Academic Press,
New York, pp 115–138
108. Kroener C, Luyet B (1966) Discontinuous
change in expansion coefficient at the glass
transition temperature in aqueous solutions
of glycerol. Biodynamica 10:41–45
109. Kroener C, Luyet B (1966) Formation of
cracks during the vitrification of glycerol solutions and disappearance of the cracks during
rewarming. Biodynamica 10:47–52
110. Rasmussen D, Luyet B (1970) Contribution
to the establishment of the temperatureconcentration curves of homogeneous nucleation in solutions of some cryoprotective
agents. Biodynamica 11:33–44
111. Luyet B, Kroener C (1966) The temperature
of the "glass transition" in aqueous solutions
of glycerol and ethylene glycol. Biodynamica
10:33–40
112. Choremis C, Economou-Mavrou C, Tsenghi
C (1961) Sodium, potassium, water, and haemoglobin in the packed red cells of severe
thalassaemia. J Clin Pathol 14:637–643
113. Gonzales F, Luyet B (1950) Resumption of
heart beat in chick embryo frozen in liquid
nitrogen. Biodynamica 7:1–5
114. Luyet BJ, Gonzales F (1953) Growth of nerve
tissue after freezing in liquid nitrogen. Biodynamica 7:171–174
115. Luyet B, Hodapp A (1938) Revival of frog’s
spermatozoa vitrified in liquid air. Proc Meet
Soc Exp Biol 39:443–434
116. Rapatz G (1970) Resumption of activity in
frog hearts after exposure to very low temperatures. Cryobiology 6:588
117. Rapatz G (1972) Recovery of activity of frog
hearts after exposure to À78
C. Cryobiology
9:322
118. Rapatz G, Keener R (1974) Effect of concentration of ethylene glycol on the recovery of
frog hearts after freezing to low temperatures.
Cryobiology 11:571–572
119. Elford BC (1970) Functional recovery of
smooth muscle after exposure to dimethyl
sulfoxide and low temperatures. Cryobiology
7:148–153
120. Elford BC, Walter CA (1972) Effects of electrolyte composition and pH on the structure
and function of smooth muscle cooled to
À79
C in unfrozen media. Cryobiology
9:82–100
121. Boutron P, Alben R (1975) Structural model
for amorphous solid water. J Chem Phys
62:4848–4853
122. Boutron P, Kaufmann A (1978) Metastable
states in the system water-ethanol. Existence
of a second hydrate, curious properties of
both hydrates. J Chem Phys 68:5032–5041
123. Boutron P, Kaufmann A (1979) Stability of
the amorphous state in the system waterglycerol-ethylene
glycol.
Cryobiology
16:83–89
124. Boutron P, Kaufmann A (1979) Maximum in
the stability of the amorphous state in the
system water-glycerol-ethanol. Cryobiology
16:372–389
125. Boutron P (1979) Stability of the amorphous
state in the system water-1,2-propanediol.
Cryobiology 16:557–568
126. James ER, Farrant J (1977) Recovery of infective Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula from
liquid nitrogen: a step towards storage of a
live schistosomiasis vaccine. Trans Roy Soc
Trop Med Hyg 71:498–500
127. James ER (1980) Cryopreservation of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula using 40% v/v
(10M) methanol and rapid cooling. CryoLetters 1:535–544
128. Fahy GM (1977) Correlations between
cryoinjury in mammalian systems and changes
in the composition and properties of the
extracellular milieu during freezing. In:
Department of Pharmacology. Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, p 302
129. Fahy GM (1981) Prospects for vitrification of
whole organs. Cryobiology 18:617
130. Fahy GM (1981) Analysis of "solution
effects" injury: cooling rate dependence of
the functional and morphological sequellae
of freezing in rabbit renal cortex protected
with dimethyl sulfoxide. Cryobiology
18:550–570
131. MacFarlane DR, Angell CA, Fahy GM (1981)
Homogeneous nucleation and glass formation in cryoprotective systems at high pressures. Cryo-Letters 2:353–358
Principles of Vitrification
87
remaining amorphous in frozen aqueous
solutions. Biodynamica 10:277–291
103. Farrant J (1965) Mechanism of cell damage
during freezing and thawing and its prevention. Nature 205:1284–1287
104. Pegg DE, Wang L, Vaughan D (2006) Cryopreservation of articular cartilage. Part 3: the
liquidus tracking method. Cryobiology
52:360–368
105. Fahy GM, MacFarlane DR, Angell CA, Meryman HT (1984) Vitrification as an approach to
cryopreservation. Cryobiology 21:407–426
106. Kemp E, Clark PB, Anderson CK, Parsons
FM (1966) Long-term preservation of the
kidney. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc
3:236–240
107. Luyet BJ (1966) Anatomy of the freezing
process in physical systems. In: Meryman
HT (ed) Cryobiology. Academic Press,
New York, pp 115–138
108. Kroener C, Luyet B (1966) Discontinuous
change in expansion coefficient at the glass
transition temperature in aqueous solutions
of glycerol. Biodynamica 10:41–45
109. Kroener C, Luyet B (1966) Formation of
cracks during the vitrification of glycerol solutions and disappearance of the cracks during
rewarming. Biodynamica 10:47–52
110. Rasmussen D, Luyet B (1970) Contribution
to the establishment of the temperatureconcentration curves of homogeneous nucleation in solutions of some cryoprotective
agents. Biodynamica 11:33–44
111. Luyet B, Kroener C (1966) The temperature
of the "glass transition" in aqueous solutions
of glycerol and ethylene glycol. Biodynamica
10:33–40
112. Choremis C, Economou-Mavrou C, Tsenghi
C (1961) Sodium, potassium, water, and haemoglobin in the packed red cells of severe
thalassaemia. J Clin Pathol 14:637–643
113. Gonzales F, Luyet B (1950) Resumption of
heart beat in chick embryo frozen in liquid
nitrogen. Biodynamica 7:1–5
114. Luyet BJ, Gonzales F (1953) Growth of nerve
tissue after freezing in liquid nitrogen. Biodynamica 7:171–174
115. Luyet B, Hodapp A (1938) Revival of frog’s
spermatozoa vitrified in liquid air. Proc Meet
Soc Exp Biol 39:443–434
116. Rapatz G (1970) Resumption of activity in
frog hearts after exposure to very low temperatures. Cryobiology 6:588
117. Rapatz G (1972) Recovery of activity of frog
hearts after exposure to À78
C. Cryobiology
9:322
118. Rapatz G, Keener R (1974) Effect of concentration of ethylene glycol on the recovery of
frog hearts after freezing to low temperatures.
Cryobiology 11:571–572
119. Elford BC (1970) Functional recovery of
smooth muscle after exposure to dimethyl
sulfoxide and low temperatures. Cryobiology
7:148–153
120. Elford BC, Walter CA (1972) Effects of electrolyte composition and pH on the structure
and function of smooth muscle cooled to
À79
C in unfrozen media. Cryobiology
9:82–100
121. Boutron P, Alben R (1975) Structural model
for amorphous solid water. J Chem Phys
62:4848–4853
122. Boutron P, Kaufmann A (1978) Metastable
states in the system water-ethanol. Existence
of a second hydrate, curious properties of
both hydrates. J Chem Phys 68:5032–5041
123. Boutron P, Kaufmann A (1979) Stability of
the amorphous state in the system waterglycerol-ethylene
glycol.
Cryobiology
16:83–89
124. Boutron P, Kaufmann A (1979) Maximum in
the stability of the amorphous state in the
system water-glycerol-ethanol. Cryobiology
16:372–389
125. Boutron P (1979) Stability of the amorphous
state in the system water-1,2-propanediol.
Cryobiology 16:557–568
126. James ER, Farrant J (1977) Recovery of infective Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula from
liquid nitrogen: a step towards storage of a
live schistosomiasis vaccine. Trans Roy Soc
Trop Med Hyg 71:498–500
127. James ER (1980) Cryopreservation of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula using 40% v/v
(10M) methanol and rapid cooling. CryoLetters 1:535–544
128. Fahy GM (1977) Correlations between
cryoinjury in mammalian systems and changes
in the composition and properties of the
extracellular milieu during freezing. In:
Department of Pharmacology. Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, p 302
129. Fahy GM (1981) Prospects for vitrification of
whole organs. Cryobiology 18:617
130. Fahy GM (1981) Analysis of "solution
effects" injury: cooling rate dependence of
the functional and morphological sequellae
of freezing in rabbit renal cortex protected
with dimethyl sulfoxide. Cryobiology
18:550–570
131. MacFarlane DR, Angell CA, Fahy GM (1981)
Homogeneous nucleation and glass formation in cryoprotective systems at high pressures. Cryo-Letters 2:353–358
Principles of Vitrification
87