380
Index
processing and feature extraction
frequency-domain analysis, 232–233
sources of noise, 230–231
time-domain analysis, 231–232
wavelet-domain analysis, 232–233
significance, 225–226
unfiltered surface EMG, 223
Electron microscopy
De Broglie postulate, 366
scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
367, 369
transmission electron microscopy
(TEM), 367–368
Electrooculogram (EOG), 238–241
Endocardium, 172
Entropy, 114–116
EPI, see Echo planar imaging (EPI)
Epilepsy, 206–208
Epoch, 211
Event-related potentials (ERP), 205–206
Evoked potentials (EPs), brain
auditory evoked potentials (AEP),
203–204
event-related potentials (ERP), 205–206
somatosensory evoked potentials
(SEP), 204
visual evoked potentials (VEP), 204–205
Extrasystole, 189–190
F
Fast low angle shot (FLASH) imaging, 299
Feature extraction
biomedical and biological features, 128
signal and image processing features
complexity measures, 129
geometric measures, 129–131
signal power in frequency bands,
128–129
wavelet transform (WT), 129
Fibrillations, 227
Fibrils and filaments, 220
Filter design, 33–35
Filtering and denoising, 96–98
FLASH imaging, see Fast low angle shot
(FLASH) imaging
Fluorescent microscopy
anatomical imaging category
application, 358
autofluorescence, 357
fluorescence tagging, 358
image acquisition, 360
indirect functional imaging, 360
representative image, TUNEL
assay, 359
f MRI, see Functional magnetic resonance
imaging (f MRI)
Fourier slice theorem, CT
description, 258
effects, 259–260
interpolation technique, 260
visual description, 258
Fourier transform (FT)
filter design, 33–35
low-pass Butterworth filter, 35–36
one-dimensional continuous Fourier
transform
convolution, 23–24
differentiation, 26
frequency domain, 15–16
impulse function, 17–19
linear systems analysis, 24–26
properties, 23
scaling property, 26
signal shift, 23
time signal, 21–22
unit pulse function, 20–21
one-dimensional discrete Fourier transform
(1-D DFT)
inverse discrete Fourier transform
(IDFT), 27–28
magnitude, 30
properties, 28–31
time domain, 30
sampling and Nyquist rate, 26–27
two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform
(2-D DFT), 31–33
Frequency-domain analysis
ECG, 191–193
EEG, 211–212
EMG, 232–233
Frequency-domain filtering
sharpening filters in frequency domain
Butterworth high-pass filters, 61
ideal high-pass filters, 60
smoothing filters in frequency domain
Butterworth low-pass filters, 60
ideal low-pass filter, 59–60
Functional imaging module, see Infrared imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging ( f MRI)
BOLD, 299–300
brain
audio activity, 301–302
motoneuron activity, 302–303
visual cortex activity, 303
brain mapping, 297–298
design, 299
EPI, 299
FLASH, 299
oxy and deoxyhemoglobin, 298–299
G
Goldman equilibrium, 159–160
Index
processing and feature extraction
frequency-domain analysis, 232–233
sources of noise, 230–231
time-domain analysis, 231–232
wavelet-domain analysis, 232–233
significance, 225–226
unfiltered surface EMG, 223
Electron microscopy
De Broglie postulate, 366
scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
367, 369
transmission electron microscopy
(TEM), 367–368
Electrooculogram (EOG), 238–241
Endocardium, 172
Entropy, 114–116
EPI, see Echo planar imaging (EPI)
Epilepsy, 206–208
Epoch, 211
Event-related potentials (ERP), 205–206
Evoked potentials (EPs), brain
auditory evoked potentials (AEP),
203–204
event-related potentials (ERP), 205–206
somatosensory evoked potentials
(SEP), 204
visual evoked potentials (VEP), 204–205
Extrasystole, 189–190
F
Fast low angle shot (FLASH) imaging, 299
Feature extraction
biomedical and biological features, 128
signal and image processing features
complexity measures, 129
geometric measures, 129–131
signal power in frequency bands,
128–129
wavelet transform (WT), 129
Fibrillations, 227
Fibrils and filaments, 220
Filter design, 33–35
Filtering and denoising, 96–98
FLASH imaging, see Fast low angle shot
(FLASH) imaging
Fluorescent microscopy
anatomical imaging category
application, 358
autofluorescence, 357
fluorescence tagging, 358
image acquisition, 360
indirect functional imaging, 360
representative image, TUNEL
assay, 359
f MRI, see Functional magnetic resonance
imaging (f MRI)
Fourier slice theorem, CT
description, 258
effects, 259–260
interpolation technique, 260
visual description, 258
Fourier transform (FT)
filter design, 33–35
low-pass Butterworth filter, 35–36
one-dimensional continuous Fourier
transform
convolution, 23–24
differentiation, 26
frequency domain, 15–16
impulse function, 17–19
linear systems analysis, 24–26
properties, 23
scaling property, 26
signal shift, 23
time signal, 21–22
unit pulse function, 20–21
one-dimensional discrete Fourier transform
(1-D DFT)
inverse discrete Fourier transform
(IDFT), 27–28
magnitude, 30
properties, 28–31
time domain, 30
sampling and Nyquist rate, 26–27
two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform
(2-D DFT), 31–33
Frequency-domain analysis
ECG, 191–193
EEG, 211–212
EMG, 232–233
Frequency-domain filtering
sharpening filters in frequency domain
Butterworth high-pass filters, 61
ideal high-pass filters, 60
smoothing filters in frequency domain
Butterworth low-pass filters, 60
ideal low-pass filter, 59–60
Functional imaging module, see Infrared imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging ( f MRI)
BOLD, 299–300
brain
audio activity, 301–302
motoneuron activity, 302–303
visual cortex activity, 303
brain mapping, 297–298
design, 299
EPI, 299
FLASH, 299
oxy and deoxyhemoglobin, 298–299
G
Goldman equilibrium, 159–160