Index
379
neuromuscular diseases

abnormal enervation, 226–227

abnormal neuromuscular
transmission, 228–229
defects in muscle cell membrane, 229
pathological motor units, 227–228
Dopamine, 229
Doppler effect, 327
Doppler ultrasound imaging, 327–329
E
Echo planar imaging (EPI), 299
Ectopic stimulus, 189
Edge detection
Canny edge detection, 67–69
Laplacian of Gaussian edge detection, 66–67
Sobel technique, 63–66
Electric activities of biological cell
biomedical electrodes, 168–169
cell membrane
action potential, 161–164
capacitance, 160–161
equivalent electric circuit, 161
resistance, 160
electric data acquisition
needle electrode, 166
propagation of electric potential as wave,
167–168
surface electrodes, 167

Hodgkin–Huxley model, 164–166

ion transport

molecular model, cell membrane,
155–156
transmembrane potential, 156–160
Electrical impedance imaging
anatomical imaging category
cylindrical method, 365–366
description, 364
dielectric property, biological tissues,
364–365
in vivo diagnostic utility, 365
Electric data acquisition
needle electrode, 166
propagation of electric potential
as a wave, 167–168
surface electrodes, 167
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
cardiovascular diseases

atrial fibrillation (AF), 182–183

atrial flutter, 185

atrioventricular block, 186–188

cardiac reentry, 185–186

extrasystole, 189–190

myocardial infarction, 184–185

ventricular arrhythmias, 183

ventricular fibrillation, 184

ventricular tachycardia (VT), 184
Wolf–Parkinson–White syndrome,
188–189

electrode placement, 178–180

function and structure of heart

blood circulation, 172–173
cardiac excitation process, 174–176
cardiac muscle, 173–174
modeling and representation, 180–181
origin, 176–178
periodicity, 181
processing and feature extraction
frequency-domain analysis, 191–193
time-domain analysis, 191
wavelet-domain analysis, 193
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
for assessment of anesthesia, 209–210
brain and its functions, 197–199
diagnosed for, 200
diseases of central nervous system
brain tumor, 209
epilepsy, 206–208
meningitis, 209
Parkinson’s disease, 209
sleep disorders, 208–209
drawback, 200
evoked potentials (EPs)
auditory evoked potentials (AEP),
203–204
event-related potentials (ERP),
205–206
somatosensory evoked potentials
(SEP), 204
visual evoked potentials (VEP),
204–205

frequency spectrum, 200–202

processing and feature extraction

frequency-domain analysis, 211–212
sources of noise, 210–211
time-domain analysis, 212–214
wavelet-domain analysis, 214
significance, 202–203
Electromyogram (EMG)
applications, 229–230
different phases of electrode
placement, 224
muscles

categories, 217–218

contraction, 220–221

force, 221–222

motor unit, 218–220

neuromuscular diseases
abnormal enervation, 226–227
abnormal neuromuscular
transmission, 228–229
defects in muscle cell membrane, 229
pathological motor units, 227–228